Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification and Sample RTF Reader Program

 
 Microsoft(r) MS-DOS(r),  Windows(r),  OS/2(r),  and  Apple(r)  Macintosh(r) 
 Applications

 RTF Version 1.3

 Updated January, 1995

 Microsoft Product Support Services Application Note 1/95-GC0165

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   This document was created using Microsoft Word for Windows.

 

 **************
  Introduction
 **************

 The Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification  is a method of encoding formatted 
 text and graphics for easy  transfer between applications. Currently, users 
 depend on special translation  software  to  move word-processing documents 
 between different MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2, and Apple Macintosh applications.

 The RTF Specification provides a  format  for text and graphics interchange 
 that can be used with different output devices, operating environments, and 
 operating systems.  RTF  uses  the  ANSI,  PC-8,  Macintosh,  or  IBM(r) PC 
 character set to control the  representation  and formatting of a document, 
 both on the screen  and  in  print.  With  the RTF Specification, documents 
 created under  different  operating  systems  and  with  different software 
 applications  can  be  transferred  between  those  operating  systems  and 
 applications.

 Software that takes a formatted  file  and  turns  it  into  an RTF file is 
 called  a  WRITER.  An  RTF  writer  separates  the  application's  control 
 information from the actual text and writes  a new file containing the text 
 and the RTF groups associated with  that  text. Software that translates an 
 RTF file into a formatted file is called a READER.

 Included with the RTF specification is a sample RTF reader application (see 
 "Appendix A: Sample RTF Reader  Application"  beginning  on page 55). It is 
 designed for use with the  specification  to  assist those users developing 
 their own RTF readers. The GC0165  disk included with this Application Note 
 contains RTFREADR.EXE, the sample RTF reader  program itself. This file and 
 its use are described in Appendix A.  The  sample  RTF reader is not a for-
 sale product, and Microsoft does not provide technical or any other type of 
 support for the sample RTF reader code or the RTF specification.

 

 ************
  RTF Syntax
 ************

 An RTF file consists of  unformatted  text, control words, control symbols, 
 and groups. For ease of transport, a  standard RTF file can consist of only 
 7-bit ASCII characters. (Converters  that  communicate  with Microsoft Word 
 for Windows  or  Microsoft  Word  for  the  Macintosh  should  expect 8-bit 
 characters.)

 A CONTROL WORD is  a  specially  formatted  command  that  RTF uses to mark 
 printer control codes  and  information  that  applications  use  to manage 
 documents. A control word takes the following form:

   \LetterSequence<Delimiter>

 Note that a backslash begins each control word.

 The LetterSequence is made  up  of  lowercase alphabetic characters between 
 "a" and "z" inclusive. RTF  is  case  sensitive,  and all RTF control words 
 must be in lowercase.

 The Delimiter marks the end of an RTF  control  word, and can be one of the 
 following:

 ù A space. In this case, the space is part of the control word.

 ù A digit or  a  hyphen  (-),  which  indicates  that  a  numeric parameter 
   follows. The subsequent digital sequence is  then delimited by a space or 
   any character other than a  letter  or  a  digit.  The parameter can be a 
   positive or a negative number. The range  of the values for the number is 
   32767 through 32767. However, Microsoft Word  for Windows, Word for OS/2, 
   and Word for the Macintosh restrict the  range to 31680 through 31680. If 
   a numeric parameter immediately follows  the control word, this parameter 
   becomes part of the control word. The control word is then delimited by a 
   space or a nonalphabetic or  nonnumeric  character  in the same manner as 
   any other control word.

 ù Any character  other  than  a  letter  or  a  digit.  In  this  case, the 
   delimiting character terminates the control word but is not actually part 
   of the control word.

 If a space delimits the  control  word,  the  space  does not appear in the 
 document. Any characters following  the  delimiter,  including spaces, will 
 appear in the document. For this  reason,  you should use spaces only where 
 necessary; do not use spaces merely to break up RTF code.

 A CONTROL SYMBOL  consists  of  a  backslash  followed  by  a  single, non-
 alphabetic character.  For  example,  \~  represents  a  nonbreaking space. 
 Control symbols take no delimiters.

 A GROUP consists of text and  control  words or control symbols enclosed in 
 braces ({ }). The opening brace ({  )  indicates the start of the group and 
 the closing brace ( }) indicates the end of the group. Each group specifies 
 the text affected by the group  and  the different attributes of that text. 
 The RTF file can  also  include  groups  for  fonts,  styles, screen color, 
 pictures, footnotes, annotations, headers and footers, summary information, 
 fields, and bookmarks,  as  well  as  document-,  section-, paragraph-, and 
 character-formatting properties. If  the  font,  file, style, screen-color, 
 revision  mark,  and  summary-information  groups  and  document-formatting 
 properties are included, they must  precede  the first plain-text character 
 in the document. These groups form  the  RTF  file header. If the group for 
 fonts is included, it should precede the  group for styles. If any group is 
 not used, it can be  omitted.  The  groups  are  discussed in the following 
 sections.

 The control properties of certain control words (such as bold, italic, keep 
 together, and so forth) have only two  states. When such a control word has 
 no parameter or has a  nonzero  parameter,  it  is assumed that the control 
 word turns on the property. When such  a  control word has a parameter of 0 
 (zero), it is assumed that  the  control  word  turns off the property. For 
 example, \b turns on bold, whereas \b0 turns off bold.

 Certain control words, referred to as DESTINATIONS, mark the beginning of a 
 collection of related  text  that  could  appear  at  another  position, or 
 destination, within the document.  Destinations  may  also  be text that is 
 used but should not appear  within  the  document  at  all. An example of a 
 destination is the \footnote  group,  where  the  footnote text follows the 
 control word. Destination control words  and  their  following text must be 
 enclosed  in  braces.  Destinations  added   after  the  RTF  Specification 
 published in the March 1987  Microsoft  Systems  Journal may be preceded by 
 the control symbol \*.  This  control  symbol identifies destinations whose 
 related text should be ignored  if  the  RTF  reader does not recognize the 
 destination. (RTF  writers  should  follow  the  convention  of  using this 
 control symbol when adding new  destinations or groups.) Destinations whose 
 related text should be inserted into  the  document  even if the RTF reader 
 does not recognize the destination should not use \*. All destinations that 
 were not included in the March  1987  revision of the RTF Specification are 
 shown with \* as part of the control word.

 Formatting specified within  a  group  affects  only  the  text within that 
 group. Generally, text within a group  inherits  the formatting of the text 
 in the preceding group.  However,  Microsoft  implementations of RTF assume 
 that the footnote, annotation, header,  and  footer groups (described later 
 in this chapter) do  not  inherit  the  formatting  of  the preceding text. 
 Therefore, to ensure that these groups  are always formatted correctly, you 
 should set the formatting  within  these  groups  to  the  default with the 
 \sectd,  \pard,  and  \plain  control  words,  and  then  add  any  desired 
 formatting.

 The  control  words,  control   symbols,   and  braces  constitute  control 
 information. All other characters in the  file  are  plain text. Here is an 
 example of plain text that does not exist within a group:

   {\rtf\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman Tms Rmn;}{\f1\fdecor
   Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss Helv;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
   \red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\
   blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\
   green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;}
   {\stylesheet{\fs20 \snext0Normal;}}{\info{\author John Doe}
   {\creatim\yr1990\mo7\dy30\hr10\min48}{\version1}{\edmins0}
   {\nofpages1}{\nofwords0}{\nofchars0}{\vern8351}}\widoctrl\ftnbj 
   \sectd\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain \fs20 This is plain text.\par}

 The phrase "This is plain text" is  not  part  of a group and is treated as 
 document text.

 As previously mentioned, the backslash ( \  ) and braces ({ }) have special 
 meaning in RTF. To  use  these  characters  as  text,  precede  them with a 
 backslash, as in \\ , \{, and \}.

 

 ******************************
  Conventions of an RTF Reader
 ******************************

 The reader of an RTF stream is concerned with the following:

 ù Separating control information from plain text.
 ù Acting on control information.
 ù Collecting and properly inserting text into  the document, as directed by 
   the current group state.

 Acting on  control  information  is  designed  to  be  a  relatively simple 
 process. Some control information simply  contributes special characters to 
 the plain text  stream.  Other  information  serves  to  change the PROGRAM 
 STATE, which includes properties of the  document  as a whole, or to change 
 any of a collection of GROUP STATES, which apply to parts of the document.

 As previously mentioned, a group state can specify the following:

 ù The DESTINATION,  or  part  of  the  document  that  the  plain  text  is 
   constructing.
 ù Character-formatting properties, such as bold or italic.
 ù Paragraph-formatting properties, such as justified or centered.
 ù Section-formatting properties, such as the number of columns.
 ù Table-formatting  properties,  which  define  the  number  of  cells  and 
   dimensions of a table row.

 In practice, an  RTF  reader  will  evaluate  each  character  it  reads in 
 sequence as follows:

 ù If the character is an opening  brace  ({), the reader stores its current 
   state on the stack. If the character  is  a closing brace (}), the reader 
   retrieves the current state from the stack.
 ù If the character is a backslash (\), the reader collects the control word 
   or control symbol and its  parameter,  if  any,  and looks up the control 
   word or control symbol in a table  that maps control words to actions. It 
   then carries out  the  action  prescribed  in  the  table.  (The possible 
   actions are discussed below.) The read pointer  is left before or after a 
   control-word delimiter, as appropriate.
 ù If the character is anything  other  than  an  opening brace ({), closing 
   brace (}), or backslash (\) ,  the  reader  assumes that the character is 
   plain text and writes the character  to the current destination using the 
   current formatting properties.

 If the RTF reader cannot find  a  particular control word or control symbol 
 in the look-up table described  above,  the  control word or control symbol 
 should be ignored. If a control  word  or  control symbol is preceded by an 
 opening brace ({), it is part of a group. The current state should be saved 
 on the stack, but no state change should occur. When a closing brace (}) is 
 encountered, the current state should be  retrieved from the stack, thereby 
 resetting the current state. If  the  \*  control symbol precedes a control 
 word, then it defines a  destination  group  and  was itself preceded by an 
 opening brace ({).  The  RTF  reader  should  discard  all  text  up to and 
 including the closing brace (})  that  closes  this  group. All RTF readers 
 must  recognize  all   destinations   defined   in   the   March  1987  RTF 
 Specification. The reader may skip past the group, but it is not allowed to 
 simply discard the control word. Destinations  defined since March 1987 are 
 marked with the \* control symbol.

 NOTE   All RTF readers must implement  the  \*  control symbol so that they 
 can read RTF files written by newer RTF writers.

 For control words or control symbols  that  the  RTF reader can find in the 
 look-up table, the possible actions are as follows.

 Action                     Description
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Change Destination         The RTF reader  changes  the  destination to the 
                            destination  described  in   the   table  entry. 
                            Destination changes are  legal  only immediately 
                            after an opening brace ({ ). (Other restrictions 
                            may also apply; for example, footnotes cannot be 
                            nested.) Many destination changes imply that the 
                            current property settings will be reset to their 
                            default settings. Examples of control words that 
                            change  destination   are   \footnote,  \header, 
                            \footer, \pict,  \info,  \fonttbl,  \stylesheet, 
                            and \colortbl. This  Application Note identifies 
                            all destination control words  where they appear 
                            in control-word tables.

 Change Formatting Property The RTF reader changes the property as described 
                            in the  table  entry.  The  entry  will  specify 
                            whether a parameter is required. The APPENDIX C: 
                            INDEX OF RTF CONTROL WORDS section at the end of 
                            this  Application  Note   also  specifies  which 
                            control words require parameters. If a parameter 
                            is needed  and  not  specified,  then  a default 
                            value will  be  used.  The  default  value  used 
                            depends on  the  control  word.  If  the control 
                            word does not specify  a  default,  then all RTF 
                            readers should assume a default of 0.

 Insert Special Character   The  reader  inserts   into   the  document  the 
                            character code or codes  described  in the table 
                            entry.
 Insert Special Character
  and Perform Action        The  reader  inserts   into   the  document  the 
                            character code or codes  described  in the table 
                            entry and  performs  whatever  other  action the 
                            entry specifies.  For  example,  when  Microsoft 
                            Word  interprets  \par,  a   paragraph  mark  is 
                            inserted in the document and special code is run 
                            to record the paragraph  properties belonging to 
                            that paragraph mark.

 

 ***************
  Formal Syntax
 ***************

 This Application Note describes RTF  using  the  following syntax, based on 
 Backus-Naur Form.

 Syntax        Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 #PCDATA       Text (without control words).
 #SDATA        Hexadecimal data.
 #BDATA        Binary data.
 'c'           A literal.
 <text>        A nonterminal.
 a             The (terminal) control word a, without a parameter.
 aN            The (terminal) control word a, with a parameter.
 a?            Item a is optional.
 a+            One or more repetitions of item a.
 a*            Zero or more repetitions of item a.
 a b           Item a followed by item b.
 a | b         Item a or item b.
 a & b         Item a and/or item b, in any order.

 

 *************************
  Contents of an RTF File
 *************************

 An RTF file has the following syntax:

 <File>        '{' <header> <document>'}'

 This syntax is the standard  RTF  syntax;  any  RTF  reader must be able to 
 correctly interpret RTF written  to  this  syntax.  It  is worth mentioning 
 again that RTF readers do not have to  use all control words, but they must 
 be able to harmlessly ignore  unknown  (or  unused) control words, and they 
 must correctly skip over destinations  marked  with  the \* control symbol. 
 There may, however, be RTF writers that  generate RTF that does not conform 
 to this syntax, and as such, RTF  readers should be robust enough to handle 
 some  minor  variations.  Nonetheless,  if  an  RTF  writer  generates  RTF 
 conforming to this specification,  then  any  correct  RTF reader should be 
 able to interpret it.

 
 ========
  Header
 ========

 The header has the following syntax:

 <header>      \rtfN  <charset>  \deffN?  <fonttbl>  <filetbl>?  <colortbl>? 
               <stylesheet>? <revtbl>?

 
 RTF Version
 ===========

 An entire RTF file is considered  a  group  and must be enclosed in braces. 
 The control word \rtfN must follow the opening brace. The numeric parameter 
 N identifies the major  version  of  the  RTF  Specification  used. The RTF 
 standard described in this  Application  Note,  although  titled as version 
 1.2, continues to correspond syntactically  to RTF Specification Version 1. 
 Therefore, the numeric parameter N for  the  \rtf control word should still 
 be emitted as 1.

 
 Character Set
 =============

 After specifying the RTF version, you  must  declare the character set used 
 in this document. The control word  for  the character set must precede any 
 plain text or any  table  control  words.  The  RTF Specification currently 
 supports the following character sets.

 Control word  Character set
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \ansi         ANSI (the default)
 \mac          Apple Macintosh
 \pc           IBM PC code page 437
 \pca          IBM PC code page 850,  used  by IBM Personal System/2(r) (not 
               implemented in version 1 of Microsoft Word for OS/2)

 
 Font Table
 ==========

 The \fonttbl control  word  introduces  the  font  table  group. Unique \fN 
 control words define each font available  in  the document, and are used to 
 reference that font throughout the  document.  This group has the following 
 syntax:

 <fonttbl>     '{' \fonttbl ( <fontinfo> | ('{' <fontinfo> '}') )+  '}'

 <fontinfo>    <fontnum>   <fontfamily>   <fcharset>?   <fprq>?   <fontemb>? 
               <codepage>? <fontname> <fontaltname>? ';'

 <fontnum>     \fN
 <fontfamily>  \fnil | \froman | \fswiss |  \fmodern  | \fscript | \fdecor | 
               \ftech | \fbidi
 <fcharset>    \fcharsetN
 <fprq>        \fprqN
 <fontname>    #PCDATA
 <fontaltname> '{\*' \falt #PCDATA '}'

 <fontemb>     '{\*' \fontemb <fonttype> <fontfname>? <data>? '}'
 <fonttype>    \ftnil | \fttruetype
 <fontfname>   '{\*' \fontfile <codepage>? #PCDATA '}'

 <codepage>    \cpg

 Note for <fontemb>  that  either  <fontfname>  or  <data>  must be present, 
 although both may be present.

 All fonts available to the RTF  writer  can  be included in the font table, 
 even if the document doesn't use all the fonts.

 RTF also supports  font  families,  so  that  applications  can  attempt to 
 intelligently choose fonts if the exact font  is not present on the reading 
 system. RTF uses the following control  words  to describe the various font 
 families.

 Control word  Font family                                   Examples
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \fnil         Unknown or default fonts (the default)
 \froman       Roman, proportionally spaced serif fonts      Times New 
                                                             Roman(r), 
                                                             Palatino(r)
 \fswiss       Swiss, proportionally spaced sans serif fonts Arial(r)
 \fmodern      Fixed-pitch serif and sans serif fonts        Courier New(r), 
                                                             Pica
 \fscript      Script fonts Cursive
 \fdecor       Decorative fonts                              Old English, 
                                                             ITC Zapf 
                                                             Chancery(r)
 \ftech        Technical, symbol, and mathematical fonts     Symbol
 \fbidi        Arabic, Hebrew, or other bidirectional font   Miriam

 If an RTF file uses a  default  font,  the default font number is specified 
 with the \deffN control word, which  must precede the font-table group. The 
 RTF writer supplies the default  font  number  used  in the creation of the 
 document as the numeric argument  N.  The  RTF  reader then translates this 
 number through the font table into  the  most similar font available on the 
 reader's system.

 The following control words  specify  the  character  set, alternative font 
 name and pitch of a font in the font table.

 Control word  Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \fcharsetN    Specifies the character set of a font in the font table.
 \falt         Indicates alternate font name to use if the specified font in 
               the font table is not available.
               '{\*' \falt <Alternate Font Name>'}'
 \fprqN        Specifies the pitch of a font in the font table.

 If \fcharset is specified,  the  N  argument  can  be  one of the following 
 types.

 Character set              N Value
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 ANSI_CHARSET               0
 SYMBOL_CHARSET             2
 SHIFTJIS_CHARSET           128
 GREEK_CHARSET              161
 TURKISH_CHARSET            162
 HEBREW_CHARSET             177
 ARABICSIMPLIFIED_CHARSET   178
 ARABICTRADITIONAL_CHARSET  179
 ARABICUSER_CHARSET         180
 HEBREWUSER_CHARSET         181
 CYRILLIC_CHARSET           204
 EASTERNEUROPE_CHARSET      238
 PC437_CHARSET              254
 OEM_CHARSET                255

 If \fprq is specified, the N argument can be one of the following values.

 Pitch                      Value
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Default pitch              0
 Fixed pitch                1
 Variable pitch             2

 
 Font Embedding
 --------------
 RTF supports embedded fonts with the  \fontemb  group located inside a font 
 definition. An embedded font can be specified  by a filename, or the actual 
 font data may be located inside the  group.  If a filename is specified, it 
 is contained in the \fontfile group. The  \cpg  control word can be used to 
 specify the character set for the filename.

 RTF supports TrueType(r) and other embedded fonts. The type of the embedded 
 font is described by the following control words.

 Control word  Embedded font type
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \ftnil        Unknown or default font type (the default)
 \fttruetype   TrueType font

 
 Code Page Support
 -----------------
 A font may have a different  character  set  from  the character set of the 
 document. For example, the Symbol font has  the same characters in the same 
 positions both on the Macintosh and in Windows. RTF describes this with the 
 \cpg control word, which  names  the  character  set  used  by the font. In 
 addition, filenames (used in field instructions  and in embedded fonts) may 
 not necessarily be the same as the  character set of the document; the \cpg 
 control word can change  the  character  set  for  these filenames as well. 
 However, all RTF documents must  still  declare  a  character set (that is, 
 \ansi, \mac, \pc, or \pca) to maintain backwards compatibility with earlier 
 RTF readers.

 The table below describes valid values for \cpg.

 Value   Description
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 437     United States IBM
 708     Arabic (ASMO 708)
 709     Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)
 710     Arabic (transparent Arabic)
 711     Arabic (Nafitha Enhanced)
 720     Arabic (transparent ASMO)
 819     Windows 3.1 (United States and Western Europe)
 850     IBM multilingual
 852     Eastern European
 860     Portuguese
 862     Hebrew
 863     French Canadian
 864     Arabic
 865     Norwegian
 866     Soviet Union
 932     Japanese
 1250    Windows 3.1 (Eastern European)
 1251    Windows 3.1 (Cyrillic)

 
 File Table
 ==========

 The \filetbl control word introduces the file table destination. This group 
 defines the files referenced in the document and has the following syntax:

 <filetbl>     '{\*' \filetbl ('{' <fileinfo> '}')+  '}'
 <fileinfo>    \file <filenum><relpath>?<osnum>? <filesource>+ <filename>
 <filenum>     \fidN
 <relpath>     \frelativeN
 <osnum>       \fosnumN
 <filesource>  \fvalidmac  |  \fvaliddos  |   \fvalidntfs  |  \fvalidhpfs  | 
               \fnetwork
 <filename>    #PCDATA

 Note that the filename can be  any  valid alphanumeric string for the named 
 file system, indicating the complete path and filename.

 Control word  Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \filetbl      A list of documents referenced  by  the current document. The 
               file table has a  structure  analogous  to  the style or font 
               table. This is a destination  control  word output as part of 
               the document header.
 \file         Marks the beginning of  a  file  group,  which lists relevant 
               information about the referenced file.  This is a destination 
               control word.
 \fidN         File ID number. Files  are  referenced  later in the document 
               using this number.
 \frelativeN   The character position within the path (starting at 0 [zero]) 
               where the referenced file's path starts to be relative to the 
               path of the owning document. For example, a document is saved 
               to the path  C:\PRIVATE\RESUME\FILE1.DOC  and  its file table 
               contains the path  C:\PRIVATE\RESUME\EDU\FILE2.DOC, then that 
               entry in the file table will be \frelative18, to point at the 
               character "e" in "edu". This  allows preservation of relative 
               paths.
 \fosnumN      Currently only filled in  for  paths  from the Macintosh file 
               system.  It  is   an   operating-system-specific  number  for 
               identifying the file, which may be used to speed up access to 
               the file, or find it if  the  file  has been moved to another 
               folder or disk. The Macintosh  operating system name for this 
               number is the "file id".  Additional meanings of the \fosnumN 
               control word may be  defined  for  other  file systems in the 
               future.

 \fvalidmac    Macintosh file system.
 \fvaliddos    MS-DOS file system.
 \fvalidntfs   NTFS file system.
 \fvalidhpfs   HPFS file system.
 \fnetwork     Network file  system.  This  control  word  may  be  used  in 
               conjunction with any  of  the  previous  file  source control 
               words.

 
 Color Table
 ===========

 The \colortbl control word introduces the  color table group, which defines 
 screen colors, character colors,  and  other  color information. This group 
 has the following syntax:

 <colortbl>    '{' \colortbl <colordef>+ '}'
 <colordef>    \redN ? & \greenN ? & \blueN ? ';'

 The following are valid control words for this group.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \redN         Red index
 \greenN       Green index
 \blueN        Blue index

 Each definition must be delimited by a semicolon, even if the definition is 
 omitted. If a color definition is omitted,  the RTF reader uses its default 
 color. In the example below, three  colors  are defined. The first color is 
 omitted, as shown by the semicolon following the \colortbl control word.

   {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;}

 The foreground and background colors  use  indexes  into the color table to 
 define a color. For  more  information  on  color  setup,  see your Windows 
 documentation.

 The following example defines a block  of  text in color (where supported). 
 Note that the cf/cb index is  the  index  of  an  entry in the color table, 
 which represents a red/green/blue color combination.

   {\f1\cb1\cf2 This is colored text. The background is color
   1 and the foreground is color 2.}

 If the file is translated  for  software  that  does not display color, the 
 reader ignores the color-table group.

 
 Style Sheet
 ===========

 The \stylesheet  control  word  introduces  the  style  sheet  group, which 
 contains definitions and descriptions  of  the  various  styles used in the 
 document. All styles in the document's style sheet can be included, even if 
 not all the styles are used. In RTF, a style is a form of shorthand used to 
 specify a set of character, paragraph, or section formatting.

 The style-sheet group has the following syntax:

 <stylesheet>  '{' \stylesheet <style>+ '}'
 <style>       '{' <styledef>? <keycode>?  <formatting> <additive>? <based>? 
               <next>? <stylename>? ';' '}'

 <styledef>    \sN  | \csN  | \dsN
 <keycode>     '{' \keycode <keys> '}'
 <additive>    \additive
 <based>       \sbasedonN
 <next>        \snextN
 <formatting>  ( <brdrdef> | <parfmt> |  <apoctl>  |  <tabdef> | <shading> | 
               <chrfmt> )+
 <stylename>   #PCDATA

 <keys>        ( \shift? & \ctrl? & \alt? ) <key>
 <key>         \fnN | #PCDATA

 For <style>, both <styledef> and  <stylename>  are optional; the default is 
 paragraph style  0.  Note  for  <stylename>  that  Microsoft  Word  for the 
 Macintosh interprets commas in #PCDATA  as separating style synonyms. Also, 
 for <key>, the data must be exactly one character.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \csN          Designates character style.
 \sN           Designates paragraph style.
 \dsN          Designates section style.

 \additive     Used in a character style  definition  ('{\*'\cs  . . . '}'). 
               Indicates that style attributes are to be applied in addition 
               to current  attributes,  rather  than  setting  the character 
               attributes to only the style definition.
 \sbasedonN    Defines the number of the style on which the current style is 
               based (the default is 222 - no style).
 \snextN       Defines the next style associated  with the current style; if 
               omitted, the next style is the current style.

 \keycode      This group is specified within the  description of a style in 
               the style sheet in the RTF  header. The syntax for this group 
               is '{\*'\keycode <keys>'}'  where  <keys>  are the characters 
               used in the key code.  For  example,  a style, Normal, may be 
               defined {\s0 {\*\keycode  \shift\ctrl  n}Normal;}  within the 
               RTF style sheet. See the  Special Character control words for 
               the characters outside  the  alphanumeric  range  that may be 
               used.
 \alt          The ALT modifier key. Used to describe shortcut-key codes for 
               styles.
 \shift        The SHIFT modifier key.  Used  to describe shortcut-key codes 
               for styles.
 \ctrl         The CTRL modifier key.  Used  to  describe shortcut-key codes 
               for styles.
 \fnN          Specifies a function key where N  is the function key number. 
               Used to describe shortcut-key codes for styles.

 The following is an example of an RTF style sheet

   {\stylesheet{\fs20 \sbasedon222\snext0{\*\keycode \shift\ctrl n} Normal;}
   {\s1\qr \fs20 \sbasedon0\snext1 FLUSHRIGHT;}
   {\s2\fi-720\li720\fs20\ri2880\sbasedon0\snext2 IND;}}

   and RTF paragraphs to which the styles are applied:

   \widowctrl\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linex0\endnhere \pard\plain
   \fs20 This is Normal style.
   \par \pard\plain \s1\qr\fs20
   This is right justified. I call this style FLUSHRIGHT.
   \par \pard\plain \s2\fi-720\li720\fs20\ri2880
   This is an indented paragraph. I call this style IND. It produces
   a hanging indent.
   \par}

 Some of the control words in this  example are discussed in later sections. 
 In the  example,  note  that  the  properties  of  the  style  were emitted 
 following the application of the style.  This  was done for two reasons: 1) 
 to allow  RTF  readers  that  dont  support  styles  to  still  retain  all 
 formatting, and 2) to allow the additive model for styles, where additional 
 property changes are added on top  of  the  defined style. Some RTF readers 
 may not apply a style upon  only  encountering the style number without the 
 accompanying formatting information because of this.

 
 Revision Marks
 ==============

 This table allows tracking of multiple authors and reviewers of a document, 
 and is used  in  conjunction  with  the  character  properties for revision 
 marks.

 Control word  Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \revtbl       This group  consists  of  subgroups  that  each  identify the 
               author of a revision in the  document, as in {Author1;}. This 
               is a destination control  word.  Revision  conflicts, such as 
               one author deleting another's  additions,  are  stored as one 
               group, in the following form:

               CurrentAuthor\'00\'<length     of      previous      author's 
               name>PreviousAuthor\'00
               PreviousRevisionTime

               The 4 bytes of the Date/Time  (DTTM) structure are emitted as 
               ASCII characters,  so  values  greater  than  127  should  be 
               emitted as quoted hexadecimal values.

 All time  references  for  revision  marks  use  the  following  bit  field 
 structure, DTTM.

 Bit numbers  Information   Range
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 0-5          Minute        0-59
 6-10         Hour          0-23
 11-15        Day of month  1-31
 16-19        Month         1-12
 20-28        Year          = Year - 1900
 29-31        Day of week   0 (Sun)-6 (Sat)

 
 ===============
  Document Area
 ===============

 Once the RTF header is defined,  the  RTF  reader has enough information to 
 correctly read  the  actual  document  text.  The  document  area  has  the 
 following syntax.

 <document>    <info>? <docfmt>* <section>+

 
 Information Group
 =================

 The \info control word  introduces  the  information  group, which contains 
 information about  the  document.  This  can  include  the  title,  author, 
 keywords, comments,  and  other  information  specific  to  the  file. This 
 information is for use by a document-management utility, if available.
 This group has the following syntax.

 <info>        '{'  <title>?  &  <subject>?  &  <author>?  &  <operator>?  & 
               <keywords>? & <comment>? & \versionN?  & <doccomm>? & \vernN? 
               & <creatim>? & <revtim>? & <printim>? & <buptim>? & \edminsN? 
               & \nofpagesN? & \nofwordsN? \nofcharsN? & \idN? '}'

 <title>       '{' \title #PCDATA '}'
 <subject>     '{' \subject #PCDATA '}'
 <author>      '{' \author #PCDATA '}'
 <operator>    '{' \operator #PCDATA '}'
 <keywords>    '{' \keywords #PCDATA '}'
 <comment>     '{' \comment #PCDATA '}'
 <doccomm>     '{' \doccomm #PCDATA '}'
 <creatim>     '{' \creatim <time> '}'
 <revtim>      '{' \revtim <time> '}'
 <printim>     '{' \printim <time> '}'
 <buptim>      '{' \buptim <time> '}'

 <time>        \yrN? \moN? \dyN? \hrN? \minN? \secN?

 Some applications, such as Word, ask the user to type this information when 
 saving the document in its native format.  If the document is then saved as 
 an RTF  file  or  translated  into  RTF,  the  RTF  writer  specifies  this 
 information using the  following  control  words.  These  control words are 
 destinations and both the control words and  the text should be enclosed in 
 braces ({ }).

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \title        Title of the document. This is a destination control word.
 \subject      Subject of the document. This is a destination control word.
 \author       Author of the document. This is a destination control word.
 \operator     Person who last  made  changes  to  the  document.  This is a 
               destination control word.
 \keywords     Selected keywords for  the  document.  This  is a destination 
               control word.
 \comment      Comments; text is  ignored.  This  is  a  destination control 
               word.
 \versionN     Version number of the document.
 \doccomm      Comments displayed in Word's  Edit  Summary  Info dialog box. 
               This is a destination control word.

 The RTF writer may automatically  enter  other control words, including the 
 following.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \vernN        Internal version number
 \creatim      Creation time
 \revtim       Revision time
 \printim      Last print time
 \buptim       Backup time
 \edminsN      Total editing time (in minutes)
 \yrN          Year
 \moN          Month
 \dyN          Day
 \hrN          Hour
 \minN         Minute
 \secN         Seconds
 \nofpagesN    Number of pages
 \nofwordsN    Number of words
 \nofcharsN    Number of characters
 \idN          Internal ID number

 Any control word described  in  the  previous  table  that  does not have a 
 numeric parameter specifies a date;  all  dates  are specified with the \yr 
 \mo \dy \hr \min \sec controls.

 An example of an information group follows:

   {\info{\title The Panda's Thumb}{\author Stephen J Gould}{\keywords 
   science natural history }}

 
 Document Formatting Properties
 ==============================

 After the information group (if any), there may be some document formatting 
 control  words  (described  as  <docfmt>   in   the  document  area  syntax 
 description). These control words specify  the  attributes of the document, 
 such as margins and footnote  placement.  These attributes must precede the 
 first plain-text character in the document.

 The control words  that  specify  document  formatting  are  listed  in the 
 following table (measurements are in  twips;  a  twip is one-twentieth of a 
 point). For omitted control words, RTF uses the default values.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \deftabN      Default tab width in twips (the default is 720).
 \hyphhotzN    Hyphenation hot zone in  twips  (the  amount  of space at the 
               right margin in which words are hyphenated).
 \hyphconsecN  N is the maximum  number  of  consecutive  lines that will be 
               allowed to end in a hyphen. 0 means no limit.
 \hyphcaps     Toggles hyphenation of capitalized words (the default is on). 
               Append 1 or leave control  word  by itself to toggle property 
               on; append 0 (zero) to turn it off.
 \hyphauto     Toggles automatic hyphenation (the default  is off). Append 1 
               or leave control word by itself to toggle property on; append 
               0 (zero) to turn it off.
 \linestartN   Beginning line number (the default is 1).
 \fracwidth    Uses fractional character widths when printing (QuickDraw(tm) 
               only).
 \*\nextfile   Destination; the argument is the name of the file to print or 
               index next;  it  must  be  enclosed  in  braces.  This  is  a 
               destination control word.
 \*\template   Destination; the argument is the  name  of a related template 
               file; it must be enclosed  in  braces.  This is a destination 
               control word.
 \makebackup   Backup copy is made automatically when the document is saved.
 \defformat    Tells the RTF reader that the document should be saved in RTF 
               format.
 \psover       Prints PostScript(r) over the text.
 \doctemp      Document is a  boilerplate  document.  For  Word for Windows, 
               this is a template; for  Word  for  the  Macintosh, this is a 
               stationery file.
 \deflangN     Defines the default language used in the document used with a 
               \plain control word.  See  the  section "Character-Formatting 
               Properties" on page 32 of this Application Note for a list of 
               possible values for N.

 Footnotes and Endnotes
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \fetN         Footnote/endnote type. This indicates what  type of notes are 
               present in the document.
                0  Footnotes only or nothing at all (the default).
                1  Endnotes only.
                2  Footnotes and endnotes both.
               For backward compatibility, if \fet1 is emitted, \endnotes or 
               \enddoc will be emitted  along  with  \aendnotes or \aenddoc. 
               RTF readers that  understand  \fet  will  need  to ignore the 
               footnote-positioning  control  words,  and  use  the  endnote 
               control words instead.

 \ftnsep       Text argument separates footnotes from  the document. This is 
               a destination control word.
 \ftnsepc      Text  argument  separates   continued   footnotes   from  the 
               document. This is a destination control word.
 \ftncn        Text argument is a notice for  continued footnotes. This is a 
               destination control word.

 \aftnsep      Text argument separates endnotes from the document. This is a 
               destination control word.
 \aftnsepc     Text argument separates continued endnotes from the document. 
               This is a destination control word.
 \aftncn       Text argument is a notice  for  continued endnotes. This is a 
               destination control word.

 \endnotes     Footnotes at the end of the section (the default).
 \enddoc       Footnotes at the end of the document.
 \ftntj        Footnotes beneath text (top justified).
 \ftnbj        Footnotes at the bottom of the page (bottom justified).

 \aendnotes    Endnotes at end of section (the default).
 \aenddoc      Endnotes at end of document.
 \aftnbj       Endnotes at bottom of page (bottom justified).
 \aftntj       Endnotes beneath text (top justified).

 \ftnstartN    Beginning footnote number (the default is 1).
 \aftnstartN   Beginning endnote number (the default is 1).

 \ftnrstpg     Restart footnote numbering each page.
 \ftnrestart   Footnote numbers restart at each  section. Microsoft Word for 
               the Macintosh uses this control to restart footnote numbering 
               at each page.
 \ftnrstcont   Continuous footnote numbering (the default).

 \aftnrestart  Restart endnote numbering each section.
 \aftnrstcont  Continuous endnote numbering (the default).

 \ftnnar       Footnote numbering - Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3,  ... )
 \ftnnalc      Footnote numbering - Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c,  ... )
 \ftnnauc      Footnote numbering - Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C,  ... )
 \ftnnrlc      Footnote numbering - Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii,  ... )
 \ftnnruc      Footnote numbering - Roman uppercase (I, II, III,  ... )
 \ftnnchi      Footnote numbering -  Chicago  Manual  of  Style  (*, dagger, 
               double dagger, section mark)

 \aftnnar      Endnote numbering - Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3,  ... )
 \aftnnalc     Endnote numbering - Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c,  ... )
 \aftnnauc     Endnote numbering - Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C,  ... )
 \aftnnrlc     Endnote numbering - Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii,  ... )
 \aftnnruc     Endnote numbering - Roman uppercase (I, II, III,  ... )
 \aftnnchi     Endnote numbering  -  Chicago  Manual  of  Style  (*, dagger, 
               double dagger, section mark)

 Page Information
 - - - - - - - - - -
 \paperwN      Paper width in twips (the default is 12,240).
 \paperhN      Paper height in twips (the default is 15,840).

 \pszN         Used to  differentiate  between  paper  sizes  with identical 
               dimensions under Windows  NT(tm).  Values  1-41 correspond to 
               paper sizes defined  in  DRIVINI.H  in  the  Windows  3.1 SDK 
               (DMPAPER_  values).  Values  greater  than  or  equal  to  42 
               correspond to user-defined forms under Windows NT.

 \marglN       Left margin in twips (the default is 1800).
 \margrN       Right margin in twips (the default is 1800).
 \margtN       Top margin in twips (the default is 1440).
 \margbN       Bottom margin in twips (the default is 1440).

 \facingp      Facing pages (activates odd/even headers and gutters).
 \gutterN      Gutter width in twips (the default is 0).
 \margmirror   Switches margin definitions on left  and right pages. Used in 
               conjunction with \facingp.
 \landscape    Landscape format.
 \pgnstartN    Beginning page number (the default is 1).
 \widowctrl    Enable widow and orphan control.

 Linked Styles
 - - - - - - - - -
 \linkstyles   Update document styles automatically based on template.

 Compatibility Options
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \notabind     Don't add automatic tab stop for hanging indent.
 \wraptrsp     Wrap trailing spaces onto the next line.
 \prcolbl      Print all colors as black.
 \noextrasprl  Don't  add  extra   space   to   line   height   for  showing 
               raised/lowered characters.
 \nocolbal     Don't balance columns.
 \cvmme        Treat old-style escaped quotation marks (\") as current style 
               ("") in mail merge data documents.
 \sprstsp      Suppress extra line spacing at  top  of page. Basically, this 
               means to ignore any line spacing  larger than Auto at the top 
               of a page.
 \sprsspbf     Suppress space before paragraph  property  after hard page or 
               column break.
 \otblrul      Combine table borders as done in  Word 5.x for the Macintosh. 
               Contradictory table border information  is  resolved in favor 
               of the first cell.
 \transmf      Metafiles are considered  transparent;  don't  blank the area 
               behind metafiles.
 \swpbdr       If a  paragraph  has  a  left  border  (not  a  box)  and the 
               Different Odd  And  Even  or  Mirror  Margins  check  box  is 
               selected, Word will print the  border  on  the right for odd-
               numbered pages.
 \brkfrm       Show hard (manual) page breaks and column breaks in frames.

 Forms
 - - - - - -
 \formprot     This document is protected for forms.
 \allprot      This document has no unprotected areas.
 \formshade    This document has form field shading on.
 \formdisp     This document currently has a  forms  drop  down or check box 
               selected.
 \printdata    This document has print form data only on.

 Revision Marks
 - - - - - - - - -
 \revprot      This document is protected for  revisions.  The user can edit 
               the document, but revision marking cannot be disabled.
 \revisions    Turns on revision marking.
 \revpropN     Argument indicates how revised text  will be displayed: 0 for 
               no properties  shown;  1  for  bold;  2  for  italic;  3  for 
               underline (the default); 4 for double underline.
 \revbarN      Vertical lines mark altered  text,  based  on the argument: 0 
               for no marking; 1 for left margin;  2 for right margin; 3 for 
               outside (the default:  left  on  left  pages,  right on right 
               pages).

 Annotations
 - - - - - - - -
 \annotprot    This document is protected  for  annotations. The user cannot 
               edit the document but can insert annotations.

 Bidirectional Controls
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \rtldoc       This  document  will  be   formatted   to  have  Arabic-style 
               pagination.
 \ltrdoc       This  document  will   have   English-style  pagination  (the 
               default).

 Note that the three document-protection control words (\formprot, \revprot, 
 and \annotprot) are mutually exclusive; only one  of the three can apply to 
 any given  document.  Also,  there  is  currently  no  method  for  storing 
 passwords in RTF,  so  any  document  that  associates  a  password  with a 
 protection level will lose the password protection in RTF.

 For  more  information  about  bidirectional  controls,  see  Bidirectional 
 Language Support on page 53 of this Application Note.

 
 Section Text
 ============

 Each section in the RTF file has the following syntax:

 <section>      <secfmt>* <hdrftr>? <para>+ ( \sect <section>)?

 
 Section Formatting Properties
 -----------------------------
 At the beginning of  each  section,  there  may  be some section-formatting 
 control  words  (described  as   <secfmt>   in   the  section  text  syntax 
 description). These control  words  specify  section-formatting properties, 
 which apply to the text FOLLOWING  the  control word, with the exception of 
 the section-break control words (those  beginning with \sbk). Section-break 
 control words describe the break  PRECEDING  the  text. These control words 
 can appear anywhere in the section, not just at the start.

 Note that if the \sectd control  word  is  not present, the current section 
 inherits all section properties defined in the previous section.

 The section-formatting control words are listed in the following table.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \sect         New section.
 \sectd        Reset to default section properties.

 \endnhere     Endnotes included in the section.
 \binfsxnN     N is the printer bin used for  the first page of the section. 
               If this control is not defined  then  the first page uses the 
               same printer bin as defined by the \binsxnN control.
 \binsxnN      N is the printer bin used for the pages of the section.
 \dsN          Designates section style; if  a  section  style is specified, 
               style properties must be specified with the section.
 \pnseclvlN    Used for multilevel  lists.  This  property  sets the default 
               numbering style for each  corresponding  \pnlvlN control word 
               (bullets and numbering property  for  paragraphs) within that 
               section. This is a destination control word.
 \sectunlocked This section is unlocked for forms.

 Section Break
 - - - - - - - - -
 \sbknone      No section break.
 \sbkcol       Section break starts a new column.
 \sbkpage      Section break starts a new page (the default).
 \sbkeven      Section break starts at an even page.
 \sbkodd       Section break starts at an odd page.

 Columns
 - - - - - - -
 \colsN        Number of columns for "snaking" (the default is 1).
 \colsxN       Space between columns in twips (the default is 720).
 \colnoN       Column number to be formatted; used to specify formatting for 
               variable-width columns.
 \colsrN       Space to right of column in twips; used to specify formatting 
               for variable-width columns.
 \colwN        Width of  column  in  twips;  used  to  override  the default 
               constant width setting for variable-width columns.
 \linebetcol   Line between columns.

 Line Numbering
 - - - - - - - - -
 \linemodN     Line-number modulus amount to increase  each line number (the 
               default is 1).
 \linexN       Distance from the line  number  to  the  left  text margin in 
               twips (the default is 360). The automatic distance is 0.
 \linestartsN  Beginning line number (the default is 1).
 \linerestart  Line numbers restart at \linestarts value.
 \lineppage    Line numbers restart on each page.
 \linecont     Line numbers continue from the preceding section.

 Page Information
 - - - - - - - - - -
 \pgwsxnN      N is the page width in  twips.  A  \sectd resets the value to 
               that specified by \paperwN in the document properties.
 \pghsxnN      N is the page height in  twips.  A \sectd resets the value to 
               that specified by \paperhN in the document properties.
 \marglsxnN    N is the left margin of  the  page  in twips. A \sectd resets 
               the value  to  that  specified  by  \marglN  in  the document 
               properties.
 \margrsxnN    N is the right margin of  the  page in twips. A \sectd resets 
               the value  to  that  specified  by  \margrN  in  the document 
               properties.
 \margtsxnN    N is the top margin of the page in twips. A \sectd resets the 
               value  to  that  specified   by   \margtN   in  the  document 
               properties.
 \margbsxnN    N is the bottom margin of the  page in twips. A \sectd resets 
               the value  to  that  specified  by  \margbN  in  the document 
               properties.

 \guttersxnN   N is the width of the gutter margin for the section in twips. 
               A \sectd resets the value to  that specified by \gutterN from 
               the document properties. If Facing  Pages  is turned off, the 
               gutter will be added  to  the  left  margin  of all pages. If 
               Facing Pages is turned on,  the  gutter  will be added to the 
               left side of odd-numbered pages  and  the right side of even-
               numbered pages.

 \lndscpsxn    Page orientation is in landscape  format. To mix portrait and 
               landscape sections within a  document, the \landscape control 
               should not be used  so  that  the  default  for  a section is 
               portrait, which may be overridden by the \lndscpsxn control.

 \titlepg      First page has a special format.
 \headeryN     Header is N twips from the  top  of  the page (the default is 
               720).
 \footeryN     Footer is N twips from the bottom of the page (the default is 
               720).

 Page Numbers
 - - - - - - - -
 \pgnstartsN   Beginning page number (the default is 1).
 \pgncont      Continuous page numbering (the default).
 \pgnrestart   Page numbers restart at \pgnstarts value.

 \pgnxN        Page number is N twips from  the right margin (the default is 
               720).
 \pgnyN        Page number is N twips  from  the  top margin (the default is 
               720).

 \pgndec       Page-number format is decimal.
 \pgnucrm      Page-number format is uppercase roman numeral.
 \pgnlcrm      Page-number format is lowercase roman numeral.
 \pgnucltr     Page-number format is uppercase letter.
 \pgnlcltr     Page-number format is lowercase letter.

 \pgnhnN       Indicates which heading level  is  used  to  prefix a heading 
               number to the page number. This control word can only be used 
               in conjunction with numbered  heading  styles. 0 specifies to 
               not show heading level  (the  default). Values 1-9 correspond 
               to heading levels 1 through 9.

 \pgnhnsh      Hyphen separator character. This separator and the successive 
               ones appear between the  heading  level  number  and the page 
               number.
 \pgnhnsp      Period separator character.
 \pgnhnsc      Colon separator character.
 \pgnhnsm      Em-dash separator character.
 \pgnhnsn      En-dash separator character.

 Vertical Alignment
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 \vertalt      Text is top-aligned (the default).
 \vertalb      Text is bottom-aligned.
 \vertalc      Text is centered vertically.
 \vertalj      Text is justified vertically.

 Bidirectional Controls
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \rtlsect      This section will snake (newspaper  style) columns from right 
               to left.
 \ltrsect      This section will snake  (newspaper  style) columns from left 
               to right (the default).

 
 Headers and Footers
 -------------------
 Headers and footers are RTF destinations.  Each section in the document can 
 have its own set of  headers  and  footers.  If  no  headers or footers are 
 defined for a given  section,  the  headers  and  footers from the previous 
 section (if any) are used. Headers and footers have the following syntax:

 <hdrftr>      '{' <hdrctl> <para>+ '}' <hdrftr>?

 <hdrctl>      \header | \footer | \headerl | \headerr | \headerf | \footerl 
               | \footerr | \footerf

 Note that each  separate  <hdrftr>  group  must  have  a  distinct <hdrctl> 
 introducing it.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \header       Header on all pages. This is a destination control word.
 \footer       Footer on all pages. This is a destination control word.

 \headerl      Header on left  pages  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.
 \headerr      Header on right pages  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.
 \headerf      Header on first  page  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.
 \footerl      Footer on left  pages  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.
 \footerr      Footer on right pages  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.
 \footerf      Footer on first  page  only.  This  is  a destination control 
               word.

 The \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and  \footerr  control  words are used in 
 conjunction with the \facingp control  word,  and the \headerf and \footerf 
 control words are used in conjunction  with the \titlepg control word. Many 
 RTF readers  will  not  function  correctly  if  the  appropriate  document 
 properties are not set. In particular,  if  \facingp  is not set, then only 
 \header and \footer should be used; if \facingp is set, then only \headerl, 
 \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr  should  be  used. Combining both \facingp 
 and \titlepg is allowed. You should not  use \header to set the headers for 
 both pages when \facingp is set.  You  can  use \headerf if \titlepg is not 
 set, but  no  header  will  appear.  For  more  information,  see "Document 
 Formatting Properties" on page  15  and  "Section Formatting Properties" on 
 page 19 of this Application Note.

 If the previous section had a first  page header or footer and had \titlepg 
 set, and the current section  does  not,  then the previous section's first 
 page header or  footer  is  disabled.  However,  it  is  not  destroyed; if 
 subsequent sections have \titlepg set, then the first page header or footer 
 is restored.

 
 Paragraph Text
 ==============

 There are two kinds of paragraphs: plain and table. A table is a collection 
 of paragraphs, and a  table  row  is  a  continuous  sequence of paragraphs 
 partitioned  into  cells.  The  \intbl  paragraph-formatting  control  word 
 identifies the paragraph as  part  of  a  table.  For more information, see 
 "Table Definitions" on page 29  of  this  Application Note. This control is 
 inherited between paragraphs that  do  not  have paragraph properties reset 
 with \pard.

 <para>        <textpar> | <row>

 <textpar>     <pn>? <brdrdef>?  <parfmt>*  <apoctl>*  <tabdef>?  <shading>? 
               (\subdocumentN | <char>+) ( \par <para>)?

 <row>         <tbldef> <cell>+ \row
 <cell>        <textpar>+ \cell

 
 Paragraph Formatting Properties
 -------------------------------
 These control words (described  as  <parfmt>  in  the paragraph-text syntax 
 description) specify generic paragraph formatting properties. These control 
 words can appear anywhere in the  body  of  the  paragraph, not just at the 
 beginning.

 Note that if the \pard control  word  is not present, the current paragraph 
 inherits all paragraph properties defined in the previous paragraph.

 The paragraph-formatting control words are listed in the following table.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \par          New paragraph.
 \pard         Resets to default paragraph properties.

 \sN           Designates  paragraph  style;   if   a   paragraph  style  is 
               specified,  style  properties  must  be  specified  with  the 
               paragraph. N references an entry in the stylesheet.

 \hyphpar      Toggles automatic hyphenation for the  paragraph. Append 1 or 
               nothing to toggle property  on;  append  0  (zero) to turn it 
               off.

 \intbl        Paragraph is part of a table.

 \keep         Keep paragraph intact.
 \nowidctlpar  No widow/orphan control. This  is  a paragraph-level property 
               and is used to override the document-level \widowctrl.
 \keepn        Keep paragraph with the next paragraph.
 \levelN       N is the outline level of the paragraph.
 \noline       No line numbering.
 \pagebb       Break page before the paragraph.
 \sbys         Side-by-side paragraphs.

 Alignment
 - - - - - - -
 \ql           Left-aligned (the default).
 \qr           Right-aligned.
 \qj           Justified.
 \qc           Centered.

 Indentation
 - - - - - - - -
 \fiN          First-line indent (the default is 0).
 \liN          Left indent (the default is 0).
 \riN          Right indent (the default is 0).

 Spacing
 - - - - - - -
 \sbN          Space before (the default is 0).
 \saN          Space after (the default is 0).

 \slN          Space between lines: if this  control  word  is missing or if 
               \sl1000 is used, the line spacing is automatically determined 
               by the tallest character  in  the  line;  if  N is a positive 
               value, this size  is  used  only  if  it  is  taller than the 
               tallest character (otherwise the  tallest character is used); 
               if N is a negative value,  the  absolute  value of N is used, 
               even if it is shorter than the tallest character.
 \slmultN      Line  spacing  multiple;  indicates  that  the  current  line 
               spacing is a multiple of  "Single" line spacing. This control 
               word can follow  only  the  \sl  control  word  and  works in 
               conjunction with it.
                0  "At Least" or "Exactly" line spacing.
                1  Multiple line spacing, relative to "Single".

 Subdocuments
 - - - - - - - -
 \subdocumentN This   indicates   that   a    subdocument    in   a   master 
               document/subdocument  relationship  should   occur   here.  N 
               represents an index into  the  file  table. This control word 
               must be the only item in a paragraph.

 Bidirectional Controls
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \rtlpar       Text in this paragraph  will  be displayed with right-to-left 
               precedence.
 \ltrpar       Text in this paragraph  will  be displayed with left-to-right 
               precedence (the default).

 
 Tabs
 ----
 Any paragraph may have its own set of tabs. Tabs must follow this syntax:

 <tabdef>      (<tab> | <bartab>)+
 <tab>         <tabkind>? <tablead>? \txN
 <bartab>      <tablead>? \tbN
 <tabkind>     \tqr | \tqc | \tqdec
 <tablead>     \tldot | \tlhyph | \tlul | \tlth | \tleq

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \txN          Tab position in twips from the left margin.

 \tqr          Flush-right tab.
 \tqc          Centered tab.
 \tqdec        Decimal tab.

 \tbN          Bar tab position in twips from the left margin.

 \tldot        Leader dots.
 \tlhyph       Leader hyphens.
 \tlul         Leader underline.
 \tlth         Leader thick line.
 \tleq         Leader equal sign.

 
 Bullets and Numbering
 ---------------------
 To provide compatibility with existing  RTF  readers, all applications that 
 can automatically bullet or number paragraphs  will also emit the generated 
 text as plain text  in  the  \pntext  group.  This  will allow existing RTF 
 readers to  capture  the  plain  text  and  safely  ignore  the  autonumber 
 instructions. This group precedes all  bulleted or numbered paragraphs, and 
 will contain all the text and  formatting  that would be auto-generated. It 
 should  precede  the   '{'\*\pn ... '}'   destination,   and   it   is  the 
 responsibility  of  RTF  readers   that   understand  the  '{'\*\pn ... '}' 
 destination to ignore the \pntext group.

 <pn>          <pnseclvl> | <pnpara>

 <pnseclvl>    '{\*' \pnseclvlN <pndesc>'}'

 <pnpara>      <pntext> <pnprops>
 <pntext>      '{' \pntext <char> '}'
 <pnprops>     '{\*' \pn <pnlevel> <pndesc>'}'

 <pnlevel>     \pnlvlN | \pnlvlblt | \pnlvlbody | \pnlvlcont
 <pndesc>      <pnnstyle> & <pnchrfmt> & <pntxtb> & <pntxta> & <pnfmt>

 <pnnstyle>    \pncard | \pndec | \pnucltr |  \pnucrm | \pnlcltr | \pnlcrm | 
               \pnord | \pnordt
 <pnchrfmt>    \pnfN? & \pnfsN? & \pnb?  &  \pni?  &  \pncaps? & \pnscaps? & 
               <pnul>? & \pnstrike? & \pncfN?
 <pnul>        \pnul | \pnuld | \pnuldb | \pnulnone | \pnulw
 <pnfmt>       \pnnumonce? & \pnacross? & \pnindentN? & \pnspN? & \pnprev? & 
               <pnjust>? & \pnstartN? & \pnhang? & \pnrestart?
 <pnjust>      \pnqc | \pnql | \pnqr
 <pntxtb>      '{' \pntxtb #PCDATA'}'
 <pntxta>      '{' \pntxta #PCDATA'}'

 Settings below marked with an  asterisk  can  be  turned off by appending 0 
 (zero) to the control word.

 Control word  Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \pntext       This group  precedes  all  numbered/bulleted  paragraphs, and 
               contains all auto-generated  text  and  formatting. It should 
               precede the  '{\*'\pn ... '}'  destination,  and  it  is  the 
               responsibility   of   RTF   readers   that   understand   the 
               '{\*'\pn ... '}' destination to ignore  this preceding group. 
               This is a destination control word.

 \pn           Turns on paragraph numbering.  This  is a destination control 
               word.

 \pnlvlN       Paragraph level, where N is a level  from 1 to 9. Default set 
               by \pnseclvlN section formatting property.
 \pnlvlblt     Bulleted paragraph  (corresponds  to  level  11).  The actual 
               character used for the bullet is stored in the \pntxtb group.
 \pnlvlbody    Simple paragraph numbering (corresponds to level 10).
 \pnlvlcont    Continue  numbering  but   do   not   display   number  (skip 
               numbering).

 \pnnumonce    Number each cell only  once  in  a  table  (the default is to 
               number each paragraph in a table).
 \pnacross     Number across rows (the default is to number down columns).

 \pnhang       Paragraph uses a hanging indent.

 \pnrestart    Restart numbering after each  section  break.  Note that this 
               control word is used  only  in  conjunction  with the Heading 
               Numbering feature (applying  multilevel  numbering to Heading 
               style definitions).

 \pncard       Cardinal numbering (One, Two, Three).
 \pndec        Decimal numbering (1, 2, 3).
 \pnucltr      Uppercase alphabetic numbering (A, B, C).
 \pnucrm       Uppercase roman numbering (I, II, III).
 \pnlcltr      Lowercase alphabetic numbering (a, b, c).
 \pnlcrm       Lowercase roman numbering. (i, ii, iii).
 \pnord        Ordinal numbering (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
 \pnordt       Ordinal text numbering (First, Second, Third).
 \pnb          Bold numbering.*
 \pni          Italic numbering.*
 \pncaps       All Caps numbering.*
 \pnscaps      Small Caps numbering.*
 \pnul         Continuous underline.*
 \pnuld        Dotted underline.
 \pnuldb       Double underline.
 \pnulnone     Turns off underlining.
 \pnulw        Word underline.
 \pnstrike     Strikethrough numbering.*

 \pncfN        Foreground color-index into color table (the default is 0).
 \pnfN         Font number.
 \pnfsN        Font size (in half-points).

 \pnindentN    Minimum distance from margin to body text.
 \pnspN        Distance from number text to body text.

 \pnprev       Used for multilevel lists.  Include information from previous 
               level in this level; for example, 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.1.1

 \pnqc         Centered numbering.
 \pnql         Left-justified numbering.
 \pnqr         Right-justified numbering.

 \pnstartN     Start At number.

 \pntxta       Text after. This group  contains  the  text that succeeds the 
               number. This is a destination control word.
 \pntxtb       Text before. This group contains  the  text that precedes the 
               number. This is a destination control word.

 Note that there is a  limit  of  32  characters  total  for the sum of text 
 before and text after  for  simple  numbering.  Multilevel  numbering has a 
 limit of 64 characters total for the sum of all levels.

 
 Paragraph Borders
 -----------------
 Paragraph borders have the following syntax:

 <brdrdef>     (<brdrseg> <brdr> )+

 <brdrseg>     \brdrt | \brdrb | \brdrl  |  \brdrr  |  \brdrbtw | \brdrbar | 
               \box
 <brdr>        <brdrk> \brdrwN? \brspN? \brdrcfN?

 <brdrk>       \brdrs | \brdrth | \brdrsh | \brdrdb | \brdrdot | \brdrdash | 
               \brdrhair

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \brdrt        Border top.
 \brdrb        Border bottom.
 \brdrl        Border left.
 \brdrr        Border right.

 \brdrbtw      Consecutive paragraphs with  identical  border formatting are 
               considered part of a single group with the border information 
               applying  to  the  entire  group.   To  have  borders  around 
               individual paragraphs within the  group, the \brdrbtw control 
               must be specified for that paragraph.

 \brdrbar      Border outside (right side  of  odd-numbered pages, left side 
               of even-numbered pages).
 \box          Border around the paragraph (box paragraph).

 \brdrs        Single-thickness border.
 \brdrth       Double-thickness border.
 \brdrsh       Shadowed border.
 \brdrdb       Double border.
 \brdrdot      Dotted border.
 \brdrdash     Dashed border.
 \brdrhair     Hairline border.

 \brdrwN       N is the width in twips of the pen used to draw the paragraph 
               border line.
 \brdrcfN      N is the color of the paragraph border; specified as an index 
               into the color table in the RTF header.
 \brspN        Space in twips between borders and the paragraph.

 
 Paragraph Shading
 -----------------
 Paragraph shading has the following syntax:

 <shading>     ( \shadingN | <pat>) \cfpatN? \cbpatN?

 <pat>         \bghoriz |  \bgvert  |  \bgfdiag  |  \bgbdiag  |  \bgcross  | 
               \bgdcross | \bgdkhoriz | \bgdkvert  | \bgdkfdiag | \bgdkbdiag 
               | \bgdkcross | \bgdkdcross

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \shadingN     N is the shading of the paragraph in hundredths of a percent.

 \bghoriz      Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the paragraph.
 \bgvert       Specifies a vertical background pattern for the paragraph.
 \bgfdiag      Specifies a  forward  diagonal  background  pattern  for  the 
               paragraph (\\\\ ).
 \bgbdiag      Specifies a  backward  diagonal  background  pattern  for the 
               paragraph (//// ).
 \bgcross      Specifies a cross background pattern for the paragraph.
 \bgdcross     Specifies  a  diagonal  cross   background  pattern  for  the 
               paragraph.
 \bgdkhoriz    Specifies  a  dark  horizontal  background  pattern  for  the 
               paragraph.
 \bgdkvert     Specifies  a  dark  vertical   background   pattern  for  the 
               paragraph.
 \bgdkfdiag    Specifies a dark forward diagonal  background pattern for the 
               paragraph (\\\\ ).
 \bgdkbdiag    Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the 
               paragraph (//// ).
 \bgdkcross    Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the paragraph.
 \bgdkdcross   Specifies a dark diagonal  cross  background  pattern for the 
               paragraph.

 \cfpatN       N is the line color  of  the background pattern, specified as 
               an index into the document's color table.
 \cbpatN       N  is  the  background  color   of  the  background  pattern, 
               specified as an index into the document's color table.

 
 Positioned Objects and Frames
 -----------------------------
 The following paragraph-formatting control words  specify the location of a 
 paragraph  on  the  page.  Consecutive   paragraphs  with  the  same  frame 
 formatting are considered to be  part  of  the  same  frame. For two framed 
 paragraphs to appear at the same position on a page, they must be separated 
 by a paragraph with different or no frame information.

 Note that if any paragraph in a  table  row  has any of these control words 
 specified, then all paragraphs in the table  row must have the same control 
 words specified, either  by  inheriting  the  properties  from the previous 
 paragraph or by respecifying the controls.

 Paragraph positioning has the following syntax:

 <apoctl>      <framesize> & <horzpos> & <vertpos> & <txtwrap> & <dropcap>

 <framesize>   \abswN? & \abshN?
 <horzpos>     <hframe> & <hdist>
 <vertpos>     <vframe> & <vdist>
 <txtwrap>     \nowrap? & \dxfrtextN? & \dfrmtxtxN? & \dfrmtxtyN?
 <dropcap>     \dropcapliN? & \dropcaptN?

 <hframe>      \phmrg? | \phpg? | \phcol?
 <hdist>       \posxN? | \posnegxN? | \posxc? |  \posxi? | \posxo? | \posxl? 
               | \posxr?
 <vframe>      \pvmrg? | \pvpg? | \pvpara?
 <vdist>       \posyN? | \posnegyN? | \posyt? | \posyil? | \posyb? | \posyc?

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \abswN        N is the width of the frame in twips.

 \abshN        N is the height  of  the  frame  in  twips. A positive number 
               indicates the minimum  height  of  the  frame  and a negative 
               number indicates the exact height  of  the  frame. A value of 
               zero indicates that the height  of  the  frame adjusts to the 
               contents of the frame. This  is  the default for frames where 
               no height is given.

 Horizontal Position
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 \phmrg        Use the margin as the horizontal reference frame.
 \phpg         Use the page as the horizontal reference frame.
 \phcol        Use the column as the horizontal reference frame. This is the 
               default if no horizontal reference frame is given.

 \posxN        Positions the  frame  N  twips  from  the  left  edge  of the 
               reference frame.
 \posnegxN     Same as \posx but allows arbitrary negative values.
 \posxc        Centers the frame horizontally within the reference frame.
 \posxi        Positions the  paragraph  horizontally  inside  the reference 
               frame.
 \posxo        Positions the paragraph  horizontally  outside  the reference 
               frame.
 \posxr        Positions the paragraph  to  the  right  within the reference 
               frame.
 \posxl        Positions the paragraph  to  the  left  within  the reference 
               frame. This  is  the  default  if  no  horizontal positioning 
               information is given.

 Vertical Position
 - - - - - - - - - -
 \pvmrg        Positions the  reference  frame  vertically  relative  to the 
               margin. This is the default  if no vertical frame positioning 
               information is given.
 \pvpg         Positions the  reference  frame  vertically  relative  to the 
               page.
 \pvpara       Positions the reference frame vertically  relative to the top 
               of the top left corner of  the next unframed paragraph in the 
               RTF stream.

 \posyN        Positions the paragraph N  twips  from  the  top  edge of the 
               reference frame.
 \posnegyN     Same as \posy but allows arbitrary negative values.
 \posyil       Positions the paragraph vertically to be in-line.
 \posyt        Positions the paragraph at the top of the reference frame.
 \posyc        Centers the paragraph vertically within the reference frame.
 \posyb        Positions the paragraph at the bottom of the reference frame.

 Text Wrapping
 - - - - - - - - -
 \nowrap       Prevents text from flowing around the positioned object.
 \dxfrtextN    Distance in twips of a positioned  paragraph from text in the 
               main text flow in all directions.
 \dfrmtxtxN    N is the horizontal distance in twips from text on both sides 
               of the frame.
 \dfrmtxtyN    N is the vertical distance in  twips  from text on both sides 
               of the frame.

 Drop Caps
 - - - - - - -
 \dropcapliN   Number of lines drop cap is to occupy. The range is 1 through 
               10.

 \dropcaptN    Type of drop cap:
               1  In-text drop cap
               2  Margin drop cap

 The following is an example of absolute-positioned text in a document:

   \par \pard \pvpg\phpg\posxc\posyt\absw5040\dxfrtest173 First APO para
   \par \pard \phmrg\posxo\posyc\dxfrtext1152 Second APO para

 
 Table Definitions
 -----------------
 There is no RTF table  group;  instead,  tables  are specified as paragraph 
 properties. A table is represented as a sequence of table rows. A table row 
 is a continuous sequence of  paragraphs  partitioned  into cells. The table 
 row begins with the \trowd  control  word  and  ends  with the \row control 
 word. Every paragraph that is contained in a table row must have the \intbl 
 control word specified or inherited from the previous paragraph. A cell may 
 have more than one paragraph in it;  the  cell is terminated by a cell mark 
 (the \cell control word), and the row is terminated by a row mark (the \row 
 control word). Table rows  can  also  be  positioned.  In  this case, every 
 paragraph in a table row must  have  the same positioning controls (see the 
 <apoctl> controls on page 27  of  this  Application Note). Table properties 
 may be inherited from the previous  row;  therefore, a series of table rows 
 may be introduced by a single <tbldef>.

 An RTF table  row  has  the  following  syntax,  as  shown  in  the general 
 paragraph-text syntax shown on page 22 of this Application Note.

 <row>         <tbldef> <cell>+ \row
 <cell>        <textpar>+ \cell

 A table definition has the following syntax:

 <tbldef>      \trowd  \trgaphN  <rowjust>?   &   <rowwrite>?   <rowtop>?  & 
               <rowbot>? & <rowleft>? & <rowright>? & <rowhor>? & <rowvert>? 
               & \trleftN? & \trrhN? \trhdr? & \trkeep? <celldef>+

 <rowjust>     \trql | \trqr | \trqc
 <rowwrite>    \ltrrow | \rtlrow
 <rowtop>      \trbrdrt <brdr>
 <rowbot>      \trbrdrl <brdr>
 <rowleft>     \trbrdrb <brdr>
 <rowright>    \trbrdrr <brdr>
 <rowhor>      \trbrdrh <brdr>
 <rowvert>     \trbrdrv <brdr>

 <celldef>     ( \clmgf? & \clmrg? <celltop>?  &  <cellleft>? & <cellbot>? & 
               <cellright>? & <cellshad>?) \cellxN

 <celltop>     \clbrdrt <brdr>
 <cellleft>    \clbrdrl <brdr>
 <cellbot>     \clbrdrb <brdr>
 <cellright>   \clbrdrr <brdr>

 <cellshad>    <cellpat>? \clcfpatN? & \clcbpatN? & \clshdngN

 <cellpat>     \clbghoriz | \clbgvert | \clbgfdiag | \clbgbdiag | \clbgcross 
               | \clbgdcross |  \clbgdkhor  |  \clbgdkvert  | \clbgdkfdiag | 
               \clbgdkbdiag | \clbgdkcross | \clbgdkdcross

 Note for <tbldef> that  the  number  of  \cellxs  must  match the number of 
 \cells in the \row.

 The following control words  further  define  options  for  each row of the 
 table.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \trowd        Sets table row defaults.
 \trgaphN      Half the space between the cells of a table row in twips.
 \cellxN       Defines the right boundary  of  a  table  cell, including its 
               half of the space between cells.
 \clmgf        The first cell in a range of table cells to be merged.
 \clmrg        Contents of the  table  cell  are  merged  with  those of the 
               preceding cell.

 Row Formatting
 - - - - - - - - -
 \trql         Left-justifies a table  row  with  respect  to its containing 
               column.
 \trqr         Right-justifies a table row  with  respect  to its containing 
               column.
 \trqc         Centers a table row with respect to its containing column.

 \trleftN      Position of the leftmost edge  of  the  table with respect to 
               the left edge of its column.

 \trrhN        Height of a table row in twips;  when 0 (zero), the height is 
               sufficient for all the text  in  the line; when positive, the 
               height is guaranteed to  be  at  least  the specified height; 
               when negative, the  absolute  value  of  the  height is used, 
               regardless of the height of the text in the line.

 \trhdr        Table row header; this row should  appear at the top of every 
               page the current table appears on.

 \trkeep       Table row keep together; this row  cannot  be split by a page 
               break. This property is assumed  off  unless the control word 
               is present.

 Bidirectional Controls
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \rtlrow       Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence.
 \ltrrow       Cells in this table  row  will  have left-to-right precedence 
               (the default).

 Row Borders
 - - - - - - - -
 \trbrdrt      Table row border top.
 \trbrdrl      Table row border left.
 \trbrdrb      Table row border bottom.
 \trbrdrr      Table row border right.
 \trbrdrh      Table row border horizontal (inside).
 \trbrdrv      Table row border vertical (inside).

 Cell Borders
 - - - - - - - -
 \clbrdrb      Bottom table cell border.
 \clbrdrt      Top table cell border.
 \clbrdrl      Left table cell border.
 \clbrdrr      Right table cell border.

 Cell Shading and Background Pattern
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \clshdngN     N is the shading of a table  cell in hundredths of a percent. 
               This control should be included in RTF along with cell border 
               information.

 \clbghoriz    Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgvert     Specifies a vertical background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgfdiag    Specifies a forward diagonal background  pattern for the cell 
               (\\\\).
 \clbgbdiag    Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the cell 
               (////).
 \clbgcross    Specifies a cross background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgdcross   Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgdkhor    Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgdkvert   Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgdkfdiag  Specifies a dark forward diagonal  background pattern for the 
               cell (\\\\).
 \clbgdkbdiag  Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the 
               cell (////).
 \clbgdkcross  Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the cell.
 \clbgdkdcross Specifies a dark diagonal  cross  background  pattern for the 
               cell.

 \clcfpatN     N is the line color of the background pattern.
 \clcbpatN     N is the background color of the background pattern.

 The following is an example of table text:

   \par \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36
   \clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb\brdrdb
   \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrth
   \clbrdrl\brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb
   \cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrdb
   \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard \intbl
   \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \row
   \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36 \clbrdrt\brdrdb
   \clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb \brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb
   \cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb
   \clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb
   \cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb
   \clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard
   \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard
   \intbl \row \pard

 
 Character Text
 ==============

 Character text has the following syntax:

 <char>        <ptext> | <atext> | '{' <char> '}'

 <ptext>       (<chrfmt>* <data>+ )+

 <data>        #PCDATA | <spec> | <pict> | <obj> | <do> | <foot> | <annot> | 
               <field> | <idx> | <toc> | <book>

 
 Character Formatting Properties
 -------------------------------
 These control words  (described  as  <chrfmt>  in  the  syntax description) 
 change character formatting properties. A control word preceding plain text 
 turns on the specified  attribute.  Some  control  words  (indicated in the 
 following table by an asterisk following the description) can be turned off 
 by the control word followed by  0  (zero).  For example, \b turns on bold, 
 while \b0 turns off bold.

 The character-formatting control words are listed in the following table.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \plain        Reset character  formatting  properties  to  a  default value 
               defined  by  the   application.   The   associated  character 
               formatting properties (described  in  the section "Associated 
               Character Properties" on page  35  of  this Application Note) 
               are also reset.

 \b            Bold.*
 \caps         All capitals.*
 \deleted      Marks the text as deletion revision marked.*
 \dnN          Subscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
 \sub          Subscripts text and  shrinks  point  size  according  to font 
               information.
 \nosupersub   Turns off superscripting or subscripting.

 \expndN       Expansion or compression of  the  space between characters in 
               quarter-points; a negative value  compresses  (the default is 
               0).
 \expndtwN     Expansion or compression of  the  space between characters in 
               twips;   a   negative   value    compresses.   For   backward 
               compatibility, both \expndtw and \expnd should be emitted.
 \kerningN     Point size (in  half-points)  above  which  to kern character 
               pairs. \kerning0 turns off kerning.

 \fN           Font number. N refers to an entry in the font table.
 \fsN          Font size in half-points (the default is 24).
 \i            Italic.*
 \outl         Outline.*

 \revised      Text has been added since revision marking was turned on.
 \revauthN     Index into the revision table.  The  content of the Nth group 
               in the revision table is considered  to be the author of that 
               revision.
 \revdttmN     Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as 
               a long integer.

 \scaps        Small capitals.*
 \shad         Shadow.*
 \strike       Strikethrough.*

 \ul           Continuous underline. \ul0 turns off all underlining.
 \uld          Dotted underline.
 \uldb         Double underline.
 \ulnone       Stops all underlining.

 \ulw          Word underline.

 \upN          Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
 \super        Superscripts text and shrinks  point  size  according to font 
               information.

 \v            Hidden text.*

 \cfN          Foreground color (the default is 0).
 \cbN          Background color (the default is 0).

 \rtlch        The character  data  following  this  control  word  will  be 
               treated as a right-to-left run.
 \ltrch        The character  data  following  this  control  word  will  be 
               treated as a left-to-right run (the default).

 \csN          Designates  character  style;   if   a   character  style  is 
               specified,  style  properties  must  be  specified  with  the 
               character run. N refers to an entry in the style table.

 \cchsN        Indicates  any  characters  not   belonging  to  the  default 
               document character set and tells  which character set they do 
               belong to. Macintosh character sets are represented by values 
               greater than 255. The values  for  N correspond to the values 
               for the \fcharset control word.

 \langN        Applies  a  language  to   a   character.   N   is  a  number 
               corresponding to a language.  The  \plain control word resets 
               the language property to the language defined by \deflangN in 
               the document properties.

 The following table defines the standard  languages used by Microsoft. This 
 table was generated by  the  Unicode(tm)  group  for  use with TrueType and 
 Unicode.

 Language name              Language ID
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 No language                0x0400
 Albanian                   0x041c
 Arabic                     0x0401
 Bahasa                     0x0421
 Belgian Dutch              0x0813
 Belgian French             0x080c
 Brazilian Portuguese       0x0416
 Bulgarian                  0x0402
 Catalan                    0x0403
 Croato-Serbian (Latin)     0x041a
 Czech                      0x0405
 Danish                     0x0406
 Dutch                      0x0413
 English (Australian)       0x0c09
 English (U.K.)             0x0809
 English (U.S.)             0x0409
 Finnish                    0x040b
 French                     0x040c
 French (Canadian)          0x0c0c
 German                     0x0407
 Greek                      0x0408
 Hebrew                     0x040d
 Hungarian                  0x040e
 Icelandic                  0x040f
 Italian                    0x0410
 Japanese                   0x0411
 Korean                     0x0412
 Norwegian (Bokmal)         0x0414
 Norwegian (Nynorsk)        0x0814
 Polish                     0x0415
 Portuguese                 0x0816
 Rhaeto-Romanic             0x0417
 Romanian                   0x0418
 Russian                    0x0419
 Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic)  0x081a
 Simplified Chinese         0x0804
 Slovak                     0x041b
 Spanish (Castilian)        0x040a
 Spanish (Mexican)          0x080a
 Swedish                    0x041d
 Swiss French               0x100c
 Swiss German               0x0807
 Swiss Italian              0x0810
 Thai                       0x041e
 Traditional Chinese        0x0404
 Turkish                    0x041f
 Urdu                       0x0420

 To read negative \expnd values from  Word  for the Macintosh, an RTF reader 
 should use only the  low-order  6  bits  of  the  value  read. Word for the 
 Macintosh does not emit  negative  values  for  \expnd.  Instead, it treats 
 values from 57 through 63  as  7  through  1, respectively (the low-order 6 
 bits of 57 through 63 are the same as 7 through 1).

 
 Associated Character Properties
 -------------------------------
 Bidirectional-aware text processors often  need  to  associate  a Latin (or 
 other left-to-right) font with an Arabic or Hebrew (or other right-to-left) 
 font. The association is needed to  match  commonly  used pairs of fonts in 
 name, size, and other  attributes.  While  RTF  defines  a broad variety of 
 associated character  properties,  any  implementation  may  choose  to not 
 implement a particular associated character property and share the property 
 between the Latin and Arabic fonts.

 Property association uses the following syntax:

 <atext>       <ltrrun> | <rtlrun>
 <ltrrun>      \rtlch \afN & <aprops>* \ltrch <ptext>
 <rtlrun>      \ltrch \afN & <aprops>* \rtlch <ptext>

 Here are some examples of property association:

   \ltrch\af2\ab\au\rtlch\u Sample Text

 This is a right-to-left run. Text  will use the default bidirectional font, 
 and will be underlined. The left-to-right  font associated with this run is 
 font 2 (in the font table) with bolding and underlining.

   \plain\rtlch\ltrch Sample Text

 This is a left-to-right run.  The  right-to-left font and the left-to-right 
 font use the default font (specified by \deff).

   \rtlch\af5\ab\ai\ltrch\u Sample Text

 This is a left-to-right run.  The  right-to-left  font  is font 5, bold and 
 italicized. The left-to-right font is the  default font, underlined. If the 
 reader does not support underlining in the associated font, both fonts will 
 be underlined.

 The property association control words (described as <aprops> in the syntax 
 description)  are  listed  in  the  following  table.  Some  control  words 
 (indicated in the following table by an asterisk following the description) 
 can be turned off by the control word followed by 0 (zero).

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \ab           Associated font is bold.*
 \acaps        Associated font is all capitals.*
 \acfN         Associated foreground color (the default is 0).
 \adnN         Associated font is  subscript  position  in  half-points (the 
               default is 6).

 \aexpndN      Expansion or compression of  the  space between characters in 
               quarter-points; a negative value  compresses  (the default is 
               0).

 \afN          Associated font number (the default is 0).
 \afsN         Associated font size in half-points (the default is 24).
 \ai           Associated font is italic.*

 \alangN       Language ID for  the  associated  font.  (This  uses the same 
               language ID codes  describedon  page  33  of this Application 
               Note.)

 \aoutl        Associated font is outline.*
 \ascaps       Associated font is small capitals.*
 \ashad        Associated font is shadow.*
 \astrike      Associated font is strikethrough.*

 \aul          Associated font is continuous underline.  \aul0 turns off all 
               underlining for the alternate font.
 \auld         Associated font is dotted underline.
 \auldb        Associated font is double underline.
 \aulnone      Associated font is no longer underlined.

 \aulw         Associated font is word underline.
 \aupN         Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6).

 
 Special Characters
 ------------------
 The  RTF  Specification  includes  control  words  for  special  characters 
 (described as  <spec>  in  the  character-text  syntax  description).  If a 
 special-character control word is not recognized  by  the RTF reader, it is 
 ignored, and the  text  following  it  is  considered  plain  text. The RTF 
 Specification is flexible enough  to  allow  new  special  characters to be 
 added for interchange with other software.

 The special RTF characters are listed in the following table.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \chdate       Current date (as in headers).
 \chdpl        Current date in long  format  (for example, Thursday, October 
               28, 1993).
 \chdpa        Current date in abbreviated format (for example, Thu, Oct 28, 
               1993).
 \chtime       Current time (as in headers).

 \chpgn        Current page number (as in headers).
 \sectnum      Current section number (as in headers).

 \chftn        Automatic footnote reference (footnotes follow in a group).
 \chatn        Annotation reference (annotation text follows in a group).
 \chftnsep     Anchoring character for footnote separator.
 \chftnsepc    Anchoring character for footnote continuation.

 \cell         End of table cell.
 \row          End of table row.
 \par          End of paragraph.
 \sect         End of section and paragraph.

 \page         Required page break.
 \column       Required column break.
 \line         Required line break (no paragraph break).

 \softpage     Nonrequired page break. Emitted as it appears in galley view.
 \softcol      Nonrequired column break.  Emitted  as  it  appears in galley 
               view.
 \softline     Nonrequired line break. Emitted as it appears in galley view.

 \softlheightN Nonrequired line height. This is emitted  as a prefix to each 
               line.

 \tab          Tab character; same as ASCII 9.
 \emdash       Em-dash.
 \endash       En-dash.
 \emspace      Nonbreaking space equal to width  of character "m" in current 
               font.
 \enspace      Nonbreaking space equal to width  of character "n" in current 
               font.
 \bullet       Bullet character.
 \lquote       Left single quotation mark.
 \rquote       Right single quotation mark.
 \ldblquote    Left double quotation mark.
 \rdblquote    Right double quotation mark.

 \|            Formula character.
 \~            Nonbreaking space.
 \-            Optional hyphen.
 \_            Nonbreaking hyphen.

 \:            Specifies a subentry in an index entry.
 \*            Marks a destination  whose  text  should  be  ignored  if not 
               understood by the RTF reader.

 \'HH          A hexadecimal value,  based  on  the  specified character set 
               (may be used to identify 8-bit values).

 \ltrmark      The following characters  should  be  displayed  from left to 
               right; usually found at the start of \ltrch runs.
 \rtlmark      The following characters should  be  displayed  from right to 
               left; usually found at the start of \rtlch runs.

 \zwj          Zero-width joiner. This is used to ligate (join) characters.
 \zwnj         Zero-width  nonjoiner.  This   is   used   for  unligating  a 
               characters.

 Note that an ASCII 9  is  accepted  as  a  tab character. A carriage return 
 (character value 13) or linefeed (character value  10) will be treated as a 
 \par control if the character is preceded  by a backslash. You must include 
 the backslash, or RTF  ignores  the  control  word.  (You  may also want to 
 insert a carriage-return/linefeed pair  without  backslashes at least every 
 255 characters for better text transmission over communication lines.)

 The following are the code values for the special characters listed.

 Control word    Word for Windows and OS/2   Apple Macintosh
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \bullet         149                         0xA5
 \endash         150                         0xD1
 \emdash         151                         0xD0
 \lquote         145                         0xD4
 \rquote         146                         0xD5
 \ldblquote      147                         0xD2
 \rdblquote      148                         0xD3

 
 Bookmarks
 =========

 This destination may specify one of  two control words: \*\bkmkstart, which 
 indicates the  start  of  the  specified  bookmark,  and  \*\bkmkend, which 
 indicates the end of the specified bookmark.

 Bookmarks have the following syntax:

 <book>          <bookstart> | <bookend>
 <bookstart>     '{\*' \bkmkstart ( \bkmkcolfN? & \bkmkcollN?) #PCDATA '}'
 <bookend>       '{\*' \bkmkend #PCDATA '}'

 A bookmark is shown in the following example:

   \pard\plain \fs20 Kuhn believes that science, rather than 
   discovering in experience certain structured 
   relationships, actually creates (or already participates in) 
   a presupposed structure to which it fits the data. 
   {\bkmkstart paradigm} Kuhn calls such a presupposed 
   structure a paradigm.{\bkmkend paradigm}

 The bookmark start and the bookmark end  are matched with the bookmark tag. 
 In the example, the bookmark tag was "paradigm." Each bookmark start should 
 have a matching bookmark end; however,  the bookmark start and the bookmark 
 end may be in any order.

 \bkmkcolfN is used to denote  the  first  column  of  a  table covered by a 
 bookmark. If it is not included, the first column is assumed. \bkmkcollN is 
 used to denote the last  column.  If  it  is  not  used, the last column is 
 assumed. These  controls  are  used  within  the  \*\bkmkstart  destination 
 following      the       \bkmkstart       control.       For       example, 
 {\*\bkmkstart\bkmkcolf2\bkmkcoll5 Table1} places  the  bookmark "Table1" on 
 columns 2 through 5 of a table.

 
 Pictures
 ========

 An RTF file can  include  pictures  created  with other applications. These 
 pictures can be in hexadecimal (the default) or binary format. Pictures are 
 destinations, and begin with the \pict  control word. A picture destination 
 has the following syntax:

 <pict>          '{' \pict (<brdr>? & <shading>? & <picttype> & <pictsize> & 
                 <metafileinfo>?) <data> '}'

 <picttype>      \macpict  |  \pmmetafileN   |   \wmetafileN   |  \dibitmapN 
                 <bitmapinfo> | \wbitmapN <bitmapinfo>
 <bitmapinfo>    \wbmbitspixelN & \wbmplanesN & \wbmwidthbytesN

 <pictsize>      ( \picwN & \pichN) \picwgoalN? & \pichgoalN? \picscalexN? & 
                 \picscaleyN? & \picscaled?  &  \piccroptN?  & \piccropbN? & 
                 \piccroprN? & \piccroplN?

 <metafileinfo>  \picbmp & \picbppN

 <data>          ( \binN #BDATA) | #SDATA

 These control words are described in the following table (some measurements 
 in this table are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point).

 Control word    Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \macpict        Source of the picture is QuickDraw.
 \pmmetafileN    Source of the picture is  an  OS/2 metafile; the N argument 
                 identifies the metafile type. The  N values are descibed on 
                 page 40 of this Application Note.
 \wmetafileN     Source of the picture is a Windows metafile; the N argument 
                 identifies the metafile type (the default is 1).
 \dibitmapN      Source of  the  picture  is  a  Windows  device-independent 
                 bitmap; the N  argument  identifies  the  bitmap type (must 
                 equal 0).The information  to  be  included  in  RTF  from a 
                 Windows device-independent bitmap  is  the concatenation of 
                 the BITMAPINFO structure followed by the actual pixel data.
 \wbitmapN       Source of the picture is a Windows device-dependent bitmap; 
                 the N  argument  identifies  the  bitmap  type  (must equal 
                 0).The information to be  included  in  RTF  from a Windows 
                 device-dependent bitmap is the  result of the GetBitmapBits 
                 function.

 For more information on the  GetDIBits  and GetBitmapBits functions and the 
 structure of Windows device-independent  and  device-dependent bitmaps, see 
 Volume 1 and  Volume  2  of  the  Programmer's  Reference  in the Microsoft 
 Windows 3.1 Software  Development  Kit.  For  best  device-independence and 
 interoperability with Microsoft products, however,  use of the \wbitmap and 
 \dibitmap control words is discouraged.  Rather, bitmaps should be embedded 
 within Windows metafiles and  the  \wmetafile  control  word used. For more 
 information on embedding bitmaps within metafiles,  see Volume 1 and Volume 
 2 of the  Programmer's  Reference  in  the  Microsoft  Windows 3.1 Software 
 Development Kit.

 Control word    Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Bitmap Information
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \wbmbitspixelN  Number of adjacent  color  bits  on  each  plane  needed to 
                 define a pixel (the default  is  1).  Possible values are 1 
                 (monochrome), 4 (16 colors), 8 (256 colors) and 24 (RGB).
 \wbmplanesN     Number of bitmap color planes (must equal 1).
 \wbmwidthbytesN Specifies the number of  bytes  in  each  raster line. This 
                 value must be an  even  number  since  the Windows graphics 
                 device interface (GDI) assumes  that  the  bit  values of a 
                 bitmap form an array of integer (two-byte) values. In other 
                 words, \wbmwidthbytes times 8 must  be the next multiple of 
                 16 greater than or  equal  to  the  \picw  (bitmap width in 
                 pixels) value.

 Picture Size, Scaling, and Cropping
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \picwN          "xExt" field if the picture  is a Windows metafile; picture 
                 width in  pixels  if  the  picture  is  a  bitmap  or  from 
                 QuickDraw.
 \pichN          "yExt" field if the picture  is a Windows metafile; picture 
                 height in  pixels  if  the  picture  is  a  bitmap  or from 
                 QuickDraw.

 \picwgoalN      Desired width of the picture in twips.
 \pichgoalN      Desired height of the picture in twips.

 \picscalexN     Horizontal  scaling  value;  the  N  argument  is  a  value 
                 representing a percentage (the default is 100).
 \picscaleyN     Vertical  scaling  value;  the   N   argument  is  a  value 
                 representing a percentage (the default is 100).

 \picscaled      Scales the picture to fit  within the specified frame; used 
                 only with \macpict pictures.

 \piccroptN      Top cropping value in twips;  a positive value crops toward 
                 the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from 
                 the center,  adding  a  space  border  around  picture (the 
                 default is 0).
 \piccropbN      Bottom cropping value  in  twips;  a  positive  value crops 
                 toward the center of  the  picture;  a negative value crops 
                 away from the center, adding  a space border around picture 
                 (the default is 0).
 \piccroplN      Left cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward 
                 the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from 
                 the center,  adding  a  space  border  around  picture (the 
                 default is 0).
 \piccroprN      Right cropping  value  in  twips;  a  positive  value crops 
                 toward the center of  the  picture;  a negative value crops 
                 away from the center, adding  a space border around picture 
                 (the default is 0).

 Metafile Information
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \picbmp         Specifies whether a metafile contains a bitmap.
 \picbppN        Specifies the bits  per  pixel  in  a  metafile bitmap. The 
                 valid range is 132, with 1, 4, 8, and 24 being recognized.

 Picture Data
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \binN           The picture is in binary format; the numeric parameter N is 
                 the number of bytes that follow. Unlike all other controls, 
                 this control word takes a 32-bit parameter.

 The \wbitmap  control  word  is  optional;  if  no  other  picture  type is 
 specified, the picture is assumed to be  a Windows bitmap. If \wmetafile is 
 specified, the N argument can be one of the following types.

 Type            N argument
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 MM_TEXT         1
 MM_LOMETRIC     2
 MM_HIMETRIC     3
 MM_LOENGLISH    4
 MM_HIENGLISH    5
 MM_TWIPS        6
 MM_ISOTROPIC    7
 MM_ANISOTROPIC  8

 For more information about these  types,  see  volume  1 of the Programmers 
 Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit.

 If \pmmetafile is specified, the  N  argument  can  be one of the following 
 types.

 Type            N argument
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 PU_ARBITRARY    0x0004
 PU_PELS         0x0008
 PU_LOMETRIC     0x000C
 PU_HIMETRIC     0x0010
 PU_LOENGLISH    0x0014
 PU_HIENGLISH    0x0018
 PU_TWIPS        0x001C

 For  more  information  about  these  types,  see  volume  2  of  the  OS/2 
 Programmers Reference.

 Be careful with spaces following  control  words when dealing with pictures 
 in binary format. When reading files, RTF considers the first space after a 
 control word the delimiter and subsequent spaces part of the document text. 
 Therefore, any extra spaces are attached to the picture, with unpredictable 
 results.

 RTF writers should not use the carriage-return/linefeed (CR/LF) combination 
 to break up pictures in binary format. If they do, the CR/LF combination is 
 treated as literal text and considered part of the picture data.

 The picture in hexadecimal or binary format follows the picture-destination 
 control words. The following example illustrates the destination format:

   {\pict\wbitmap0\picw170\pich77\wbmbitspixel1\wbmplanes1\wbmwidthbytes22
   \picwgoal505
   \pichgoal221
   \picscalex172
   \picscaley172
   49f2000000000273023d1101a030
   3901000a000000000273023d98
   0048000200000275
   02040000200010275023e000000000
   273023d000002b90002b90002
   b90002b90002b9
   0002b90002b90002b90002b90002b90002
   b92222b90002b90002b90
   002b90002b9
   0002b90002b90002b90002b9000

 
 Objects
 =======

 Microsoft OLE links, Microsoft OLE  embedded objects, and Macintosh Edition 
 Manager subscriber objects are represented  in  RTF as objects. Objects are 
 destinations that contain a data part and  a  result part. The data part is 
 generally hidden to the application that  produced the document. A separate 
 application uses the data and  supplies  the  appearance  of the data. This 
 appearance is the result part of the object.

 The representation of objects in RTF is  designed to allow RTF readers that 
 don't understand objects or don't use  a  particular  type of object to use 
 the current result in place of  the  object.  This allows the appearance of 
 the object to be maintained through  the  conversion even though the object 
 functionality is lost. Each  object  comes  with optional information about 
 the object, a required destination  that  contains  the object data, and an 
 optional result that contains the  current  appearance  of the object. This 
 result contains standard RTF. It is  an important responsibility of the RTF 
 writer to provide the result so  that  existing  RTF readers that either do 
 not support objects or that do  not  support  the particular type of object 
 will be able to display the object.

 When the object is an OLE embedded  or  linked object, the data part of the 
 object is the structure produced by  the OLESaveToStream function. Some OLE 
 clients rely on the OLE  system  to  render  the  object  and a copy of the 
 result is not available to the  RTF  writer for that application. For these 
 cases, the object result can  be  extracted  from the structure produced by 
 the OLESaveToStream function.  For  information  about  the OLESaveToStream 
 function,  see  the  Microsoft   Object   Linking  and  Embedding  Software 
 Development Kit.

 The syntax for this destination is:

 <obj>           ( '{'  \object  (<objtype>  &  <objmod>?  &  <objclass>?  & 
                 <objname>?  &  <objtime>?   &   <objsize>?   &  <rsltmod>?) 
                 <objdata> <result> '}' ) | <pubobject>

 <objtype>       \objemb | \objlink  |  \objautlink  |  \objsub  | \objpub | 
                 \objicemb
 <objmod>        \linkself? & \objlock? | \objupdate?
 <objclass>      '{\*' \objclass #PCDATA '}'
 <objname>       '{\*' \objname #PCDATA '}'
 <objtime>       '{\*' \objtime <time> '}'

 <rsltmod>       \rsltmerge? & <rslttype>?
 <rslttype>      \rsltrtf | \rslttxt | \rsltpict | \rsltbmp

 <objsize>       \objsetsize? &  \objalignN?  &  \objtransyN?  &  <objhw>? & 
                 \objcroptN? & \objcropbN?  &  \objcroplN?  &  \objcroprN? & 
                 \objscalexN? & \objscaleyN?

 <objhw>         \objhN & \objwN

 <objdata>       '{\*' \objdata (<objalias>? & <objsect>?) <data> '}'
 <objalias>      '{\*' \objalias <data> '}'
 <objsect>       '{\*' \objsect <data> '}'

 <result>        '{' \result <para>+ '}'

 Control word    Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Object Type
 - - - - - - - -
 \objemb         An object type of OLE embedded  object. If no type is given 
                 for the  object,  the  object  is  assumed  to  be  of type 
                 \objemb.

 \objlink        An object type of OLE link.
 \objautlink     An object type of OLE autolink.
 \objsub         An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber.
 \objpub         An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager publisher.
 \objicemb       An object type of MS(r)  Word for the Macintosh Installable 
                 Command (IC) Embedder.

 Object Information
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 \linkself       The object is a link to another part of the same document.
 \objlock        Locks the object from any updates.
 \objupdate      Forces an update to the  object  before displaying it. Note 
                 that this will override any values in the <objsize> control 
                 words, but reasonable values should  always be provided for 
                 these to maintain backwards compatibility.
 \objclass       The text argument  is  the  object  class  to  use for this 
                 object; ignore the class specified in the object data. This 
                 is a destination control word.
 \objname        The text argument is the  name  of  this  object. This is a 
                 destination control word.
 \objtime        Describes the time that the object was last updated.

 Object Size, Position, Cropping, and Scaling
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \objhN          N is the  original  object  height  in  twips, assuming the 
                 object has a graphical representation.
 \objwN          N is the  original  object  width  in  twips,  assuming the 
                 object has a graphical representation.

 \objsetsize     Forces the object server to  set the object's dimensions to 
                 that specified by the client.

 \objalignN      N is the  distance  in  twips  from  the  left  edge of the 
                 objects that should  be  aligned  on  a  tab  stop. This is 
                 needed to  place  Equation  Editor  equations  correctly in 
                 line.
 \objtransyN     N is the distance  in  twips  the  objects  should be moved 
                 vertically with respect to the  baseline. This is needed to 
                 place Math Type equations correctly in line.

 \objcroptN      N is the top cropping distance in twips.
 \objcropbN      N is the bottom cropping distance in twips.
 \objcroplN      N is the left cropping distance in twips.
 \objcroprN      N is the right cropping distance in twips.
 \objscalexN     N is the horizontal scaling percentage.
 \objscaleyN     N is the vertical scaling percentage.

 Object Data
 - - - - - - - -
 \objdata        This subdestination contains the data for the object in the 
                 appropriate format;  OLE  objects  are  in  OLESaveToStream 
                 format. This is a destination control word.
 \objalias       This subdestination  contains  the  Alias  Record  for  the 
                 publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is 
                 a destination control word.
 \objsect        This subdestination contains  the  Section  Record  for the 
                 publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is 
                 a destination control word.

 Object Result
 - - - - - - - - -
 \rsltrtf        Forces the result to be rich-text format, if possible.
 \rsltpict       Forces the result to be a Windows metafile or MacPict image 
                 format, if possible.
 \rsltbmp        Forces the result to be a bitmap, if possible.
 \rslttxt        Forces the result to be plain text, if possible.
 \rsltmerge      Uses the formatting of  the  current  result whenever a new 
                 result is obtained.

 \result         The  result  destination   is   optional   in  the  \object 
                 destination. It contains the last  update  of the result of 
                 the object. The data  of  the  result destination should be 
                 standard RTF so  that  RTF  readers  that  don't understand 
                 objects or the  type  of  object  represented  can  use the 
                 current  result  in   the   object's   place   to  maintain 
                 appearance. This is a destination control word.

 
 Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects
 -------------------------------------------
 Word for the Macintosh writes  publisher  objects for the Macintosh Edition 
 Manager in  terms  of  bookmarks  (see  "Bookmarks"  on  page  38  of  this 
 Application Note). The range of publisher  objects are marked as bookmarks, 
 so these controls are all used  within  the \bkmkstart destination. The RTF 
 syntax for a publisher object is:

 <pubobject>     '{\*'  \bkmkstart   \bkmkpub   \pubauto?   (<objalias>?   & 
                 <objsect>) #PCDATA '}'

 Control word    Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \bkmkpub        The bookmark marks  a  Macintosh  Edition Manager publisher 
                 object.
 \pubauto        The publisher object updates  all Macintosh Edition Manager 
                 subscribers of this  object  automatically  whenever  it is 
                 edited.

 
 Drawing Objects
 ===============

 Drawing objects and the drawing primitives enumerated within drawing object 
 groups use the syntax described by the following tables.

 <do>             '{\*' \do <dohead> <dpinfo>'}'
 <dohead>         <dobx> <doby> <dodhgt> <dolock>?
 <dobx>           \dobxpage | \dobxcolumn | \dobxmargin
 <doby>           \dobypage | \dobypara | \dobymargin
 <dodhgt>         \dodhgtN
 <dolock>         \dolock
 <dpinfo>         <dpgroup> | <dpcallout> | <dpsimple>
 <dpgroup>        \dpgroup \dpcountN <dphead> <dpinfo>+ \dpendgroup <dphead>

 <dpcallout>      \dpcallout      <cotype>       <coangle>?      <coaccent>? 
                  <cosmartattach>?  <cobestfit>?   <cominusx>?   <cominusy>? 
                  <coborder>?   <codescent>?    \dpcooffsetN    \dpcolengthN 
                  <dphead>  <dppolyline>   <dphead>   <dpprops>  <dptextbox> 
                  <dphead> <dpprops>

 <dpsimple>       <dpsimpledpk> <dphead> <dpprops>
 <dpsimpledpk>    <dpline>  |  <dprect>  |   <dptextbox>   |  <dpellipse>  | 
                  <dppolyline> | <dparc>
 <dpline>         \dpline <dppt> <dppt>
 <dprect>         \dprect (\dproundr)?
 <dptextbox>      \dptxbx \dptxbxmarN '{' \dptxbxtext <para>+'}'
 <dpellipse>      \dpellipse
 <dparc>          \dparc \dparcflipx? \dparcflipy?
 <dppolyline>     \dppolyline (\dppolygon)? \dppolycountN <dppt>+
 <dppt>           \dpptxN \dpptyN
 <dphead>         \dpxN \dpyN \dpxsizeN \dpysizeN

 Note that in <dpgroup> the number of  <dpinfo>s is equal to the argument of 
 \dpcount, while in <dppolyline>  the  number  of  <dppt>s  is  equal to the 
 argument of \dppolycount.

 The following elements of the drawing-object syntax pertain specifically to 
 callout objects:

 <cotype>         \dpcotright | \dpcotsingle | \dpcotdouble | \dpcottriple
 <coangle>        \dpcoaN
 <coaccent>       \dpcoaccent
 <cosmartattach>  \dpcosmarta
 <cobestfit>      \dpcobestfit
 <cominusx>       \dpcominusx
 <cominusy>       \dpcominusy
 <coborder>       \dpcoborder
 <codescent>      \dpcodtop | \dpcodcenter | \dpcodbottom | \dpcodabsN

 The remaining elements of the drawing  object syntax are properties applied 
 to individual drawn primitives:

 <dpprops>        <lineprops>? <fillprops>?  <endstylestart>? <endstyleend>? 
                  <shadow>?

 <lineprops>      <linestyle> <linecolor> \dplinewN
 <linestyle>      \dplinesolid | \dplinehollow |  \dplinedash | \dplinedot | 
                  \dplinedado | \dplinedadodo
 <linecolor>      <linegray> | <linergb>
 <linegray>       \dplinegrayN
 <linergb>        \dplinecorN \dplinecogN \dplinecobN <linepal>?
 <linepal>        \dplinepal

 <fillprops>      <fillcolorfg> <fillcolorbg> \dpfillpatN
 <fillcolorfg>    <fillfggray> | <fillfgrgb>
 <fillfggray>     \dpfillfggrayN
 <fillfgrgb>      \dpfillfgcrN \dpfillfgcgN \dpfillfgcbN <fillfgpal>?
 <fillfgpal>      \dpfillfgpal
 <fillcolorbg>    <fillbggray> | <fillbgrgb>
 <fillbggray>     \dpfillbggrayN
 <fillbgrgb>      \dpfillbgcrN \dpfillbgcgN \dpfillbgcbN <fillbgpal>?
 <fillbgpal>      \dpfillbgpal

 <endstylestart>  <arrowstartfill> \dpastartlN \dpastartwN
 <arrowstartfill> \dpastartsol | \dpastarthol

 <endstyleend>    <arrowendfill> \dpaendlN \dpaendwN
 <arrowendfill>   \dpaendsol | \dpaendhol
 <shadow>         \dpshadow \dpshadxN \dpshadyN

 The following table describes  the  control  words  for  the drawing object 
 group in detail.  All  color  values  are  RGB  values  between  0-255. All 
 distances are in twips. All other values are as indicated.

 Control word     Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \do              Indicates a drawing object is to be inserted at this point 
                  in the character  stream.  This  is  a destination control 
                  word.
 \dolock          The drawing object's anchor is locked and cannot be moved.
 \dobxpage        The drawing object is page relative in the x-direction.
 \dobxcolumn      The drawing object is column relative in the x-direction.
 \dobxmargin      The drawing object is margin relative in the x-direction.
 \dobypage        The drawing object is page relative in the y-direction.
 \dobypara        The  drawing  object  is  paragraph  relative  in  the  y-
                  direction.
 \dobymargin      The drawing object is margin relative in the y-direction.
 \dodhgtN         The drawing object is positioned  at the following numeric 
                  address in the z-ordering.

 Drawing Primitives
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \dpgroup         Begin group of drawing primitives.
 \dpcountN        Number of drawing primitives in the current group.
 \dpendgroup      End group of drawing primitives.
 \dparc           Arc drawing primitive.
 \dpcallout       Callout  drawing  primitive,  which  consists  of  both  a 
                  polyline and a text box.
 \dpellipse       Ellipse drawing primitive.
 \dpline          Line drawing primitive.
 \dppolygon       Polygon drawing primitive (closed polyline).
 \dppolyline      Polyline drawing primitive.
 \dprect          Rectangle drawing primitive.
 \dptxbx          Text box drawing primitive.

 Position and Size
 - - - - - - - - - -
 \dpxN            X-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.
 \dpxsizeN        X-size of the drawing primitive.
 \dpyN            Y-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.
 \dpysizeN        Y-size of the drawing primitive.

 Callouts
 - - - - - - -
 \dpcoaN          Angle of callout's diagonal line  is  restricted to one of 
                  the following: 0, 30, 45, 60,  or 90. If this control word 
                  is absent, the callout  has  an arbitrary angle, indicated 
                  by the coordinates of its primitives.
 \dpcoaccent      Accent bar on callout  (vertical  bar between polyline and 
                  text box).
 \dpcobestfit     Best fit callout  (x-length  of  each  line  in callout is 
                  similar).
 \dpcoborder      Visible border on callout text box.
 \dpcodabsN       Absolute distance-attached polyline.  N  is  the offset in 
                  twips from the corner that  an auto-attached callout would 
                  attach to.
 \dpcodbottom     Bottom-attached polyline.
 \dpcodcenter     Center-attached polyline.
 \dpcodtop        Top-attached callout.
 \dpcolengthN     Length of callout.
 \dpcominusx      Text box falls in quadrants II or III relative to polyline 
                  origin.
 \dpcominusy      Text box falls in quadrants III or IV relative to polyline 
                  origin.
 \dpcooffsetN     Offset of callout. This is the distance between the end of 
                  the polyline and the edge of the text box.
 \dpcosmarta      Auto-attached callout. Polyline will  attach to either the 
                  top or bottom of the  text  box  depending on the relative 
                  quadrant.
 \dpcotdouble     Double line callout.
 \dpcotright      Right angle callout.
 \dpcotsingle     Single line callout.
 \dpcottriple     Triple line callout.

 Text Boxes and Rectangles
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \dptxbxmarN      Internal margin of the text box.
 \dptxbxtext      Group that contains the text of the text box.
 \dproundr        Rectangle is a round rectangle.

 Lines and Polylines
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 \dpptxN          X-coordinate of the  current  vertex  (only  for lines and 
                  polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.
 \dpptyN          Y-coordinate of the  current  vertex  (only  for lines and 
                  polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.
 \dppolycountN    Number of vertices in polyline drawing primitive.

 Arcs
 - - - - - -
 \dparcflipx      This indicates that the end  point  of  the  arc is to the 
                  right  of  the  start  point.   Arcs  are  drawn  counter-
                  clockwise.
 \dparcflipy      This indicates that the end point  of the arc is below the 
                  start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise.

 Line Style
 - - - - - - - - -
 \dplinecobN      Blue value for line color.
 \dplinecogN      Green value for line color.
 \dplinecorN      Red value for line color.
 \dplinepal       Render line color using  the  PALETTERGB  macro instead of 
                  the RGB macro in Windows.
 \dplinedado      Dashed-dotted line style.
 \dplinedadodo    Dashed-dotted-dotted line style.
 \dplinedash      Dashed line style.
 \dplinedot       Dotted line style.
 \dplinegrayN     Grayscale value for line color (in half-percentages).
 \dplinehollow    Hollow line style (no line color).
 \dplinesolid     Solid line style.
 \dplinewN        Thickness of line (in twips).

 Arrow Style
 - - - - - - - - -
 \dpaendhol       Hollow end arrow (lines only).
 \dpaendlN        Length of end arrow, relative to pen width:
                  1  Small
                  2  Medium
                  3  Large
 \dpaendsol       Solid end arrow (lines only).
 \dpaendwN        Width of end arrow, relative to pen width:
                  1  Small
                  2  Medium
                  3  Large
 \dpastarthol     Hollow start arrow (lines only).
 \dpastartlN      Length of start arrow, relative to pen width:
                  1  Small
                  2  Medium
                  3  Large
 \dpastartsol     Solid start arrow (lines only).
 \dpastartwN      Width of start arrow, relative to pen width:
                  1  Small
                  2  Medium
                  3  Large

 Fill Pattern
 - - - - - - - - -
 \dpfillbgcbN     Blue value for background fill color.
 \dpfillbgcgN     Green value for background fill color.
 \dpfillbgcrN     Red value for background fill color.
 \dpfillbgpal     Render fill background  color  using  the PALETTERGB macro 
                  instead of the RGB macro in Windows.
 \dpfillbggrayN   Grayscale value for background fill (in half-percentages).
 \dpfillfgcbN     Blue value for foreground fill color.
 \dpfillfgcgN     Green value for foreground fill color.
 \dpfillfgcrN     Red value for foreground fill color.
 \dpfillfgpal     Render fill foreground  color  using  the PALETTERGB macro 
                  instead of the RGB macro in Windows.
 \dpfillfggrayN   Grayscale value for foreground fill (in half-percentages).

 \dpfillpatN      Index into a list of fill patterns. See below for list.

 Shadow
 - - - - - - -
 \dpshadow        Current drawing primitive has a shadow.
 \dpshadxN        X-offset of the shadow.
 \dpshadyN        Y-offset of the shadow.

 The following values are available for  specifying fill patterns in drawing 
 objects with the \dpfillpat control word.

 Value            Fill pattern
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 0 (zero)         Clear (no pattern)
 1                Solid (100%)
 2                5%
 3                10%
 4                20%
 5                25%
 6                30%
 7                40%
 8                50%
 9                60%
 10               70%
 11               75%
 12               80%
 13               90%
 14               Dark horizontal lines
 15               Dark vertical lines
 16               Dark left-diagonal lines (\\\)
 17               Dark right-diagonal lines (///)
 18               Dark grid lines
 19               Dark trellis lines
 20               Light horizontal lines
 21               Light vertical lines
 22               Light left-diagonal lines (\\\)
 23               Light right-diagonal lines (///)
 24               Light grid lines
 25               Light trellis lines

 
 Footnotes
 =========

 The  \footnote  control   word   introduces   a   footnote.  Footnotes  are 
 destinations  in  RTF.  A  footnote  is  anchored  to  the  character  that 
 immediately precedes the footnote destination  (that is, the footnote moves 
 with the  character  to  which  it  is  anchored).  If  automatic  footnote 
 numbering is  defined,  the  destination  can  be  preceded  by  a footnote 
 reference character, identified by  the  control  word \chftn. No Microsoft 
 product supports footnotes within headers, footers, or annotations. Placing 
 a footnote within headers, footers, or  annotations  will often result in a 
 corrupt document.

 Footnotes have the following syntax.

 <foot>           '{\*' \footnote <para>+ '}'

 Here is an example of a destination containing footnotes:

   \ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linemod0\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain
   \ri1170 \fs20 {\pu6 Mead's landmark study has been amply annotated.\chftn
   {\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn }See Sahlins, Bateson, 
   and Geertz for a complete bibliography.}
   It was her work in America during the Second World War, however, that 
   forms the basis for the paper. As others have noted, \chftn
   {\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn}
   A complete bibliography will be found at the end of this chapter.}
   this period was a turning point for Margaret Mead.}
   \par

 To   indicate   endnotes,   the    following    combination   is   emitted: 
 \footnote\ftnalt. Existing readers will ignore the \ftnalt control word and 
 treat everything as a footnote.

 For other control words  relating  to  footnotes,  see  the sections titled 
 "Document Formatting Properties" (page 15), "Section Formatting Properties" 
 (page 19), and "Special Characters" (page 36) in this Application Note.

 
 Annotations
 ===========

 RTF annotations have two parts;  the  author  ID (introduced by the control 
 word \atnid) and  the  annotation  text  (introduced  by  the  control word 
 \annotation); there is no group enclosing  both parts. No Microsoft product 
 supports annotations within  headers,  footers,  or  footnotes.  Placing an 
 annotation within headers, footers,  or  footnotes  will  often result in a 
 corrupt document. Each  part  of  the  annotation  is  an  RTF destination. 
 Annotations are anchored to  the  character  that  immediately precedes the 
 annotation.

 If an annotation is associated  with  an annotation bookmark, the following 
 two  destination  control  words  precede  and  follow  the  bookmark.  The 
 alphanumeric string N, such  as  a  long  integer,  represents the bookmark 
 name.

 <atrfstart>      '{\*' \atrfstart N '}'
 <atrfend>        '{\*' \atrfend N '}'

 Annotations have the following syntax:

 <annot>          <annotid>   <atnauthor>   <atntime>?    \chatn   <atnicn>? 
                  <annotdef>

 <annotid>        '{\*' \atnid #PCDATA '}'
 <atnauthor>      '{\*' \atnauthor #PCDATA '}'

 <annotdef>       '{\*' \annotation <atnref> <para>+ '}'
 <atnref>         '{\*' \atnref N '}'

 <atntime>        '{\*' \atntime <time> '}'
 <atnicn>         '{\*' \atnicn <pict> '}'

 An example of annotation text follows:

   An example of a paradigm might be Newtonian physics or
   Darwinian biology.{\v\fs16 {\atnid bz}\chatn{\*\annotation
   \pard\plain \s224 \fs20 {\field{\fldinst page \\#'"Page: 
   '#'\line'"}{\fldrslt}}{\fs16 \chatn }
   How about some examples that deal with social science? 
   That's what this paper is about.}}

 Annotations may  have  optional  time  stamps  (contained  in  the \atntime 
 destination) or icons (contained in the \atnicn destination).

 
 Fields
 ======

 The \field control word introduces a  field destination, which contains the 
 text of Word for Windows fields.

 Fields have the following syntax:

 <field>          '{' \field <fieldmod>? <fieldinst> <fieldrslt> '}'

 <fieldmod>       \flddirty? & \fldedit? & \fldlock? & \fldpriv?

 <fieldinst>      '{\*' \fldinst <char>+ <fldalt>? '}'
 <fldalt>         \fldalt

 <fieldrslt>      '{\*' \fldrslt <para>+ '}'

 There are several control words that alter the interpretation of the field. 
 These control words are listed in the following table.

 Control word     Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \flddirty        A formatting change  has  been  made  to  the field result 
                  since the field was last updated.
 \fldedit         Text has been added to, or  removed from, the field result 
                  since the field was last updated.
 \fldlock         Field is locked and cannot be updated.
 \fldpriv         Result is not in a form suitable for display (for example, 
                  binary data used by fields whose result is a picture).

 Two subdestinations are required within  the  \field destination. They must 
 be enclosed in braces ({ }) and begin with the following control words.

 Control word     Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \fldinst         Field instructions. This is a destination control word.
 \fldrslt         Most recent calculated  result  of  the  field.  This is a 
                  destination control word.

 If the instruction for a field  contains  a filename, then the \cpg control 
 can be used to define  the  character  set  of  the filename. See Code Page 
 Support on page 9 of this Application Note for details.

 The \fldrslt control word should  be  included  even  if no result has been 
 calculated because most readers (even  those  readers that do not recognize 
 fields) can generally include the value  of the \fldrslt destination in the 
 document.

 An example of some field text follows:

   {\field\fldedit{\fldinst author}{\fldrslt Joe Smith}}\par\pard
   {\field{\fldinst time \\@ "h:mm AM/PM"}{\fldrslt 8:12 AM}}

 You can use the  \fldalt  control  word  to  specify  that  the given field 
 reference is to an endnote. For  example,  the  following field in RTF is a 
 reference to a footnote:

   {\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber } {\fldrslt 1}}

 The following is an example of a reference to an endnote:

   {\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber \fldalt } {\fldrslt I}}

 If the specified  field  is  a  form  field,  the  \*\datafield destination 
 appears as a part of <char> and  contains  the  binary data of a form field 
 instruction. For example:

   {\field{\*\fldinst {\*\bkmkstart Text1} FORMTEXT {{\*\datafield 
   00000000000000000554657874310008476565207768697a0000000000000000000000}}}
   {\fldrslt Default Result}}{\*\bkmkend Text1}

 Note that the \datafield destination requires the \* prefix.

 
 Index Entries
 =============

 The \xe control word introduces an  index  entry.  Index entries in RTF are 
 destinations. An index entry has the following syntax:

 <idx>             '{' \xe (\xefN? & \bxe? & \ixe?) <char>+ (<txe> | <rxe>)? 
                   '}'

 <txe>             '{' \txe <char>+ '}'
 <rxe>             '{' \rxe #PCDATA '}'

 If the text of the index entry is  not formatted as hidden text with the \v 
 control word, the text is put into the  document as well as into the index. 
 For more information on  the  \v  control  word,  see "Character Formatting 
 Properties" on page 32 of this Application Note. Similarly, the text of the 
 \txe subdestination, described later in  this  section, becomes part of the 
 document if it is not formatted as hidden text.

 The following control words may also be used.

 Control word      Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \xefN             Allows multiple indexes within the same document. N is an 
                   integer that corresponds to the  ASCII  value of a letter 
                   between A and Z.
 \bxe              Formats the page number or cross-reference in bold.
 \ixe              Formats the page number or cross-reference in italic.
 \txe Text         Text argument to be used  instead  of a page number. This 
                   is a destination control word.
 \rxe BookmarkName Text argument  is  a  bookmark  for  the  range  of  page 
                   numbers. This is a destination control word.

 
 Table of Contents Entries
 =========================

 The \tc control word introduces  a  table  of  contents entry, which can be 
 used to build the actual table of  contents.  The \tcn control word marks a 
 table of contents entry that will  not  have  a page number associated with 
 it; this is used  in  place  of  \tc  for  such  entries. Table of contents 
 entries are destinations, and they have the following syntax:

 <toc>         '{' \tc | \tcn ( \tcfN? & \tclN?) <char>+ '}'

 As with index entries, text that  is  not  formatted  as hidden with the \v 
 character-formatting control word is put  into  the document. The following 
 control words can also be used in this destination.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \tcfN         Type of  table  being  compiled;  N  is  mapped  by  existing 
               Microsoft software to a letter  between  A and Z (the default 
               is 67, which maps to C, used for tables of contents).
 \tclN         Level number (the default is 1).

 
 Bidirectional Language Support
 ==============================

 RTF supports bidirectional writing orders for languages such as Arabic. The 
 controls are described  below  (as  well  as  in  the  appropriate sections 
 throughout this Application Note). Also  refer  to the associated character 
 properties defined in Associated Character  Properties  on  page 35 of this 
 Application Note.

 All the  control  words  relating  to  bidirectional  language  support are 
 repeated here for convenience.

 Control word  Meaning
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \rtlch        The character  data  following  this  control  word  will  be 
               treated as a right-to-left run.
 \ltrch        The character  data  following  this  control  word  will  be 
               treated as a left-to-right run (the default).
 \rtlmark      The following characters should  be  displayed  from right to 
               left.
 \ltrmark      The following characters  should  be  displayed  from left to 
               right.
 \rtlpar       Text in this paragraph  will  be displayed with right-to-left 
               precedence
 \ltrpar       Text in this paragraph  will  be displayed with left-to-right 
               precedence. This is the default.
 \rtlrow       Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence.
 \ltrrow       Cells in this table  row  will have left-to-right precedence. 
               This is the default.
 \rtlsect      This section will thread columns from right to left.
 \ltrsect      This section will thread columns from  left to right. This is 
               the default.
 \rtldoc       Text in this document will  be  displayed  from right to left 
               unless overridden by a more specific control.
 \ltrdoc       Text in this document will  be  displayed  from left to right 
               unless overridden by a  more  specific  control.  This is the 
               default.
 \zwj          Zero-width joiner. This is used for ligating characters.
 \zwnj         Zero-width nonjoiner. This is used for unligating characters.

 

 *******************************************
  Appendix A: Sample RTF Reader Application
 *******************************************

 The GC0165 disk included with this Application Note contains the sample RTF 
 reader program RTFREADR.EXE, which will help  you  create an RTF reader for 
 your own application when used in  conjunction with the Microsoft Rich Text 
 Format Specification and the information below.

 NOTE   The sample RTF reader is not  a for-sale product, and Microsoft does 
 not provide technical or  any  other  type  of  support  for the sample RTF 
 reader code or the RTF specification.

 If this shipment  has  arrived  in  unsatisfactory  condition,  please call 
 Microsoft Product Support Services (PSS). In  the United States, call (206) 
 462-WORD (9673) between 6:00 A.M. and  6:00  P.M. Pacific time. Outside the 
 United States, contact the Microsoft  subsidiary  for  your area. To locate 
 your subsidiary, call  Microsoft  International  Customer  Service at (206) 
 936-8661.

 
 ============================
  How to Write an RTF Reader
 ============================

 There are three basic things that an RTF reader must do:

 1.            Separate text from RTF controls
 2.            Parse an RTF control
 3.            Dispatch an RTF control

 Separating text from RTF controls is relatively simple, as all RTF controls 
 begin with a backslash. Therefore,  any  incoming  character  that is not a 
 backslash is text and will be  handled  as  text. (Of course, what one DOES 
 with that text may be relatively complicated.)

 Parsing an RTF control is also relatively  simple. An RTF control is either 
 (a) a sequence of  alphabetic  characters  followed  by an optional numeric 
 parameter, or (b) a single non-alphanumeric character.

 Dispatching an RTF control, on the other hand, is relatively complicated. A 
 recursive-descent  parser  tends  to  be   overly  strict  because  RTF  is 
 intentionally vague about the order  of  various properties relative to one 
 another. However, whatever method you use  to dispatch an RTF control, your 
 reader should do the following:

 ù Ignore keywords you dont understand.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Many readers crash when they  come  across  an unknown RTF control. Because 
 Microsoft is continually adding new RTF controls, this limits an RTF reader 
 to working with the RTF from  one  particular product (usually some version 
 of Word for Windows).

 ù Always understand \*.
   - - - - - - - - - - -
 One of the most important things an RTF  reader can do is to understand the 
 \* control. This control introduces a  destination  that is not part of the 
 document. It tells the RTF reader  that  if  the reader does not understand 
 the next control word, then it  should  skip the entire enclosing group. If 
 your reader follows this rule and the  one  above, your reader will be able 
 to cope with any future change to RTF short of a complete rewrite.

 ù Remember that binary data can occur when youre skipping RTF.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 A simple way to skip a  group  in  RTF  is  to  keep a running count of the 
 opening curly braces that the  reader  has  encountered  in the RTF stream. 
 When the reader sees an opening curly  brace, it increments the count; when 
 the reader sees a closing curly  brace,  it  decrements the count. When the 
 count becomes negative, the end of the group has been found. Unfortunately, 
 this doesnt work when the RTF file contains a \bin control; the reader must 
 explicitly check each control word  found  to  see  if  its a \bin control, 
 and - if a \bin control is found - skip that many bytes before resuming its 
 scanning for curly braces.

 
 ====================================
  A Sample RTF Reader Implementation
 ====================================

 The  Microsoft  Word  Processing  Conversions  group  uses  a  table-driven 
 approach to reading  RTF.  This  approach  allows  the  most flexibility in 
 reading RTF, with the corresponding  problem  that  its difficult to detect 
 incorrect RTF. An RTF reader that  is  based  on this approach is presented 
 below. This reader works exactly as  described in the RTF specification and 
 uses the principles of operation  described  in the RTF specification. This 
 reader is designed to be simple  to  understand  but  is not intended to be 
 very efficient. This RTF reader also implements the three design principles 
 listed in the previous section.

 The RTF reader consists of four files:

 ù RTFDECL.H, which contains the prototypes for all the functions in the RTF 
   reader
 ù RTFTYPE.H, which contains the types used in the RTF reader
 ù RTFREADR.C, which contains the main  program,  the  main  loop of the RTF 
   reader, and the RTF control parser
 ù RTFACTN.C, which contains the dispatch routines for the RTF reader

 
 RTFDECL.H and RTFREADR.C
 ========================

 RTFDECL.H is straightforward and requires little explanation.

 RTFREADR.C is  also  reasonably  straightforward;  the  function ecRtfParse 
 separates text  from  RTF  controls  and  handles  text,  and  the function 
 ecParseRtfKeyword parses an RTF  control  and  also  collects any parameter 
 that follows the RTF control.

 
 RTFTYPE.H
 =========

 RTFTYPE.H begins  by  declaring  a  sample  set  of  character,  paragraph, 
 section,  and  document  properties.   These   structures  are  present  to 
 demonstrate how the dispatch  routines  can  modify any particular property 
 and are not actually used to format text.

 For example, the  following  enumeration  describes  which destination text 
 should be routed to:

   typedef enum { rdsNorm, rdsSkip } RDS;

 Because this is just a sample RTF  reader, there are only two destinations; 
 a more complicated reader would add  an  entry to this enumeration for each 
 destination   supported   (for   example  -  headers,  footnotes,  endnotes, 
 annotations, bookmarks, and pictures).

 The following enumeration describes the internal state of the RTF parser:

   typedef enum { risNorm, risBin, risHex } RIS;

 This is entirely separate from the  state  of the dispatch routines and the 
 destination state; other  RTF  readers  may  not  necessarily have anything 
 similar to this.

 The following structure encapsulates  the  state  that  must  be saved at a 
 group start and restored at a group end:

   typedef struct save
   {
   struct save *pNext;
   CHP chp;
   PAP pap;
   SEP sep;
   DOP dop;
   RDS rds;
   RIS ris;
   } SAVE;

 The following enumeration describes a set of classes for RTF controls:

   typedef enum {kwdChar, kwdDest, kwdProp, kwdSpec} KWD;

 Use kwdChar for controls that represent special characters (such as \-, \{, 
 or \}).

 Use kwdDest for controls that introduce RTF destinations.

 Use kwdProp for controls that modify some sort of property.

 Use kwdSpec for controls that need to run some specialized code.

 The following enumeration defines the  number of PROP structures (described 
 below) that will be used. There will  typically be an iprop for every field 
 in the character, paragraph, section, and document properties.

   typedef enum {ipropBold, ipropItalic, ipropUnderline, ipropLeftInd,
   ipropRightInd, ipropFirstInd, ipropCols, ipropPgnX, ipropPgnY,
   ipropXaPage, ipropYaPage, ipropXaLeft, ipropXaRight,
   ipropYaTop, ipropYaBottom, ipropPgnStart, ipropSbk,
   ipropPgnFormat, ipropFacingp, ipropLandscape, ipropJust,
   ipropPard, ipropPlain,
   ipropMax} IPROP;

 The following structure is a very compact way to describe how to locate the 
 address of a particular value in one of the property structures:

   typedef enum {actnSpec, actnByte, actnWord} ACTN;
   typedef enum {propChp, propPap, propSep, propDop} PROPTYPE;

   typedef struct propmod
   {
   ACTN actn;
   PROPTYPE prop;
   int offset;
   } PROP;

 The actn field describes the  width  of  the  value being described: if the 
 value is a byte, then actn is actnByte;  if  the value is a word, then actn 
 is actnWord; if the value is neither  a  byte  nor a word, then you can use 
 actnSpec to indicate that some C code needs to be run to set the value. The 
 prop field indicates which property  structure  is being described; propChp 
 indicates that the  value  is  located  within  the  CHP structure; propPap 
 indicates that the value is located  within  the  PAP structure, and so on. 
 Finally, the offset field contains the  offset  of the value from the start 
 of the structure. The offsetof() macro  is  usually used to initialize this 
 field.

 The following structure describes how to parse a particular RTF control:

   typedef enum {ipfnBin, ipfnHex, ipfnSkipDest } IPFN;
   typedef enum {idestPict, idestSkip } IDEST;

   typedef struct symbol
   {
   char *szKeyword;
   int dflt;
   bool fPassDflt;
   KWD kwd;
   int idx;
   } SYM;

 szKeyword points to the  RTF  control  being  described;  kwd describes the 
 class of the particular RTF control  (described above); dflt is the default 
 value for this control, and  fPassDflt  should  be  nonzero if the value in 
 dflt should be passed to the  dispatch  routine. (fPassDflt is only nonzero 
 for keywords that normally set a particular value. For example, the various 
 section break  controls  typically  have  nonzero  fPassDflt  controls, but 
 controls that take parameters should not.)

 Idx is a generalized index; its use depends  on the kwd being used for this 
 control.

 ù If kwd is kwdChar, then idx is the character that should be output.
 ù If kwd is kwdDest, then idx is the idest for the new destination.
 ù If kwd is kwdProp, then idx is the iprop for the appropriate property.
 ù If kwd is kwdSpec, then idx is an ipfn for the appropriate function.

 With this structure, it is very simple to dispatch an RTF keyword. Once the 
 reader isolates the RTF keyword  and  its  (possibly associated) value, the 
 reader then searches an array of SYM structures to find the RTF keyword. If 
 the keyword is  not  found,  the  reader  ignores  it,  unless the previous 
 control was \*, in which case the reader must scan past an entire group.

 If the keyword is found, the reader  then  uses  the kwd value from the SYM 
 structure to determine what  to  do.  This  is,  in  fact, exactly what the 
 function ecTranslateKeyword in the file RTFACTN.C does.

 
 The RTFACTN.C File
 ==================

 RTFACTN.C contains the tables describing  the  properties and keywords, and 
 the routines to  evaluate  properties  (ecApplyPropChange)  and to dispatch 
 keywords (ecTranslateKeyword).

 The tables are the keys  to  understanding  the  RTF dispatch routines. The 
 following are some sample  entries  from  both  tables,  along with a brief 
 explanation of each entry.

 The Property Table. This table must have an entry for every iprop.
 - - - - - - - - - -
   actnByte,   propChp,    offsetof(CHP, fBold),       // ipropBold

 This property says that the ipropBold property is a byte parameter bound to 
 chp.fBold.

   actnWord,   propPap,    offsetof(PAP, xaRight),     // ipropRightInd

 This property  says  that  ipropRightInd  is  a  word  parameter  bound  to 
 pap.xaRight.

   actnWord,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, cCols),       // ipropCols

 This property says that ipropCols is a word parameter bound to sep.cCols.

   actnSpec,   propChp,    0,                          // ipropPlain

 This property says  that  ipropPlain  is  a  special  parameter. Instead of 
 directly evaluating it, ecApplyPropChange will  run  some  custom C code to 
 apply a property change.

 The Keyword Table.
 - - - - - - - - - -
   "b",        1,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropBold,

 This structure says  that  the  control  \b  sets  the  ipropBold property. 
 Because fPassDflt is false, the reader  only  uses the default value if the 
 control does not have a parameter. If  no parameter is provided, the reader 
 uses a value of 1.

   "sbknone",  sbkNon, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,

 This entry says that the control \sbknone sets the ipropSbk property. Since 
 fPassDflt is true, the reader always uses the default value of sbkNon, even 
 if the control has a parameter.

   "par",      0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x0a,

 This entry says that the control  \par  is  equivalent to a 0x0a (linefeed) 
 character.

   "tab",      0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x09,

 This entry says  that  the  control  \tab  is  equivalent  to  a 0x09 (tab) 
 character.

   "bin",      0,      fFalse,     kwdSpec,    ipfnBin,

 This entry  says  that  the  control  \bin  should  run  some  C  code. The 
 particular piece of C code can be located by the ipfnBin parameter.

   "fonttbl",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,

 This entry says that the control  \fonttbl should change to the destination 
 idestSkip.

 
 ==========================================
  Notes on Implementing Other RTF Features
 ==========================================

 The table-driven approach to dispatching  RTF  controls  used by the sample 
 converter does not implement any  syntax  checking. For most controls, this 
 is not a  problem;  a  control  simply  modifies  the appropriate property. 
 However, some controls, such as those  for  tabs and borders, are dependent 
 on other control words either before or after the current control word.

 There are some standard techniques for handling these features:

 
 Tabs and Other Control Sequences Terminating in a Fixed Control
 ===============================================================

 The best way to implement these  types  of  control  sequences is to have a 
 global structure that represents the  current  state  of the tab descriptor 
 (or other entity). As the modifiers come in, they modify the various fields 
 of the global structure; when the fixed  control at the end of the sequence 
 is dispatched, it adds the  entire  descriptor and reinitializes the global 
 variable.

 
 Borders and Other Control Sequences Beginning with a Fixed Control
 ==================================================================

 The best way to implement these  types  of  control  sequences is to have a 
 global pointer that is initialized  when  the  fixed control is dispatched; 
 the controls that modify the fixed control then modify fields pointed to by 
 the control.

 
 ============================
  Other Problem Areas in RTF
 ============================

 
 Style Sheets
 ============

 Style sheets can be handled  as  destinations; however, styles have default 
 values, just as every other  control  does;  RTF  readers should be sure to 
 handle a missing style control as the default style value (that is, 0).

 
 Property Changes
 ================

 Some RTF readers use various bits  of  RTF syntax to mark property changes. 
 In particular, they assume that  property  changes  will occur only after a 
 group start, which is not correct.  Because  there  is a variety of ways to 
 represent identical property changes in RTF, RTF readers should look at the 
 changes in the properties and not  at  any particular way of representing a 
 property change. In particular, properties can be changed explicitly with a 
 control word or implicitly at the end  of a group. For example, these three 
 sequences of RTF have exactly the  same semantics, and should be translated 
 identically:

   {\b bold \i Bold Italic \i0 Bold again}
   {\b bold {\i Bold Italic }Bold again}
   {\b bold \i Bold Italic \plain\b Bold again}

 
 Fields
 ======

 All versions of Microsoft Word  for  Windows  and  version 6.0 of Microsoft 
 Word for the Macintosh have  fields.  If  youre  writing  an RTF reader and 
 expect to do anything with fields, keep the following notes in mind:

 ù Field instructions may have arbitrary amounts of character formatting and 
   arbitrarily nested groups.  While  the  groups  will  be  properly nested 
   within the field instructions, you may  be  inside an arbitrary number of 
   groups by the time you know  which  field  you  working with. If you then 
   expect to be able to skip  to  the  end  of the field instructions, youll 
   have to know how many groups have started so that you can skip to the end 
   properly.

 ù Some fields, the INCLUDE field in  particular, can have section breaks in 
   the field results. If this occurs,  then  the  text  after the end of the 
   field does not have the same section  properties as the text at the start 
   of the field; the section properties must  not be restored when the field 
   results contain section breaks.

 
 Tables
 ======

 Tables are probably the trickiest part of  RTF to read and write correctly. 
 Because of the way  Microsoft  word  processors  implement  tables, and the 
 table-driven approach of many Microsoft  RTF  readers,  it  is very easy to 
 write tables in RTF that will crash  Microsoft word processors when you try 
 to read the RTF. Here are some guidelines to reduce problems with tables in 
 RTF:

 ù Place the  entire  table  definition  before  any  paragraph  properties, 
   including \pard.
 ù Make sure the number of  cells  in  the  RTF  matches  the number of cell 
   definitions.
 ù Some controls must be the same in all paragraphs in a row. In particular, 
   all paragraphs in a row must have  the same positioning controls, and all 
   paragraphs in a row must have \intbl specified.
 ù Do not use the \sbys control  inside  a  table.  \sbys is a holdover from 
   Word for MS-DOS and early versions  of  Word  for the Macintosh. Word for 
   Windows and current versions of Word for the Macintosh translate \sbys as 
   a table. Because Word  for  Windows  and  Word  for  the Macintosh do not 
   support nested tables, these products will  probably crash if you specify 
   \sbys in a table.
 ù Cell definitions starting before  the  left  margin  of  the paper begins 
   (that is, the parameter plus the  left  margin is negative) are always in 
   error.
 ù Even though nested tables are not explicitly defined in RTF, and Word for 
   Windows and Word for the Macintosh do not support nested tables, you must 
   still save table properties when changing destinations because tables can 
   be nested inside other destinations - that is,  you can have a table that 
   contains a footnote or an annotation,  and the footnote or annotation can 
   contain another table.

 

 ************************
  Appendix A-1: Listings
 ************************

 
 RTFDECL.H
 =========

 // RTF parser declarations

 int ecRtfParse(FILE *fp);
 int ecPushRtfState(void);
 int ecPopRtfState(void);
 int ecParseRtfKeyword(FILE *fp);
 int ecParseChar(int c);
 int ecTranslateKeyword(char *szKeyword, int param, bool fParam);
 int ecPrintChar(int ch);
 int ecEndGroupAction(RDS rds);
 int ecApplyPropChange(IPROP iprop, int val);
 int ecChangeDest(IDEST idest);
 int ecParseSpecialKeyword(IPFN ipfn);
 int ecParseSpecialProperty(IPROP iprop, int val);
 int ecParseHexByte(void);

 // RTF variable declarations

 extern int cGroup;
 extern RDS rds;
 extern RIS ris;

 extern CHP chp;
 extern PAP pap;
 extern SEP sep;
 extern DOP dop;

 extern SAVE *psave;
 extern long cbBin;
 extern long lParam;
 extern bool fSkipDestIfUnk;
 extern FILE *fpIn;

 // RTF parser error codes

 #define ecOK               0       // Everything's fine!
 #define ecStackUnderflow   1       // Unmatched '}'
 #define ecStackOverflow    2       // Too many '{' -- memory exhausted
 #define ecUnmatchedBrace   3       // RTF ended during an open group.
 #define ecInvalidHex       4       // invalid hex character found in data
 #define ecBadTable         5       // RTF table (sym or prop) invalid
 #define ecAssertion        6       // Assertion failure
 #define ecEndOfFile        7       // End of file reached while reading RTF

 
 RTFTYPE.H
 =========

 typedef char bool;
 #define fTrue 1
 #define fFalse 0

 typedef struct char_prop
 {
     char fBold;
     char fUnderline;
     char fItalic;
 } CHP;                  // CHaracter Properties

 typedef enum {justL, justR, justC, justF } JUST;
 typedef struct para_prop
 {
     int xaLeft;                 // left indent in twips
     int xaRight;                // right indent in twips
     int xaFirst;                // first line indent in twips
     JUST just;                  // justification
 } PAP;                  // PAragraph Properties

 typedef enum {sbkNon, sbkCol, sbkEvn, sbkOdd, sbkPg} SBK;
 typedef enum {pgDec, pgURom, pgLRom, pgULtr, pgLLtr} PGN;
 typedef struct sect_prop
 {
     int cCols;                  // number of columns
     SBK sbk;                    // section break type
     int xaPgn;                  // x position of page number in twips
     int yaPgn;                  // y position of page number in twips
     PGN pgnFormat;              // how the page number is formatted
 } SEP;                  // SEction Properties

 typedef struct doc_prop
 {
     int xaPage;                 // page width in twips
     int yaPage;                 // page height in twips
     int xaLeft;                 // left margin in twips
     int yaTop;                  // top margin in twips
     int xaRight;                // right margin in twips
     int yaBottom;               // bottom margin in twips
     int pgnStart;               // starting page number in twips
     char fFacingp;              // facing pages enabled?
     char fLandscape;            // landscape or portrait??
 } DOP;                  // DOcument Properties

 typedef enum { rdsNorm, rdsSkip } RDS;             // Rtf Destination State
 typedef enum { risNorm, risBin, risHex } RIS;      // Rtf Internal State

 typedef struct save             // property save structure
 {
     struct save *pNext;         // next save
     CHP chp;
     PAP pap;
     SEP sep;
     DOP dop;
     RDS rds;
     RIS ris;
 } SAVE;

 // What types of properties are there?
 typedef enum {ipropBold, ipropItalic, ipropUnderline, ipropLeftInd,
               ipropRightInd, ipropFirstInd, ipropCols, ipropPgnX,
               ipropPgnY, ipropXaPage, ipropYaPage, ipropXaLeft,
               ipropXaRight, ipropYaTop, ipropYaBottom, ipropPgnStart,
               ipropSbk, ipropPgnFormat, ipropFacingp, ipropLandscape,
               ipropJust, ipropPard, ipropPlain, ipropSectd,
               ipropMax } IPROP;

 typedef enum {actnSpec, actnByte, actnWord} ACTN;
 typedef enum {propChp, propPap, propSep, propDop} PROPTYPE;

 typedef struct propmod
 {
     ACTN actn;              // size of value
     PROPTYPE prop;          // structure containing value
     int  offset;            // offset of value from base of structure
 } PROP;

 typedef enum {ipfnBin, ipfnHex, ipfnSkipDest } IPFN;
 typedef enum {idestPict, idestSkip } IDEST;
 typedef enum {kwdChar, kwdDest, kwdProp, kwdSpec} KWD;

 typedef struct symbol
 {
     char *szKeyword;      // RTF keyword
     int  dflt;            // default value to use
     bool fPassDflt;       // true to use default value from this table
     KWD  kwd;             // base action to take
     int  idx;             // index into property table if kwd == kwdProp
                           // index into destination table if kwd == kwdDest
                           // character to print if kwd == kwdChar
 } SYM;

 
 RTFREADR.C
 ==========

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include "rtftype.h"
 #include "rtfdecl.h"

 int cGroup;
 bool fSkipDestIfUnk;
 long cbBin;
 long lParam;

 RDS rds;
 RIS ris;

 CHP chp;
 PAP pap;
 SEP sep;
 DOP dop;

 SAVE *psave;
 FILE *fpIn;

 //
 // %%Function: main
 //
 // Main loop. Initialize and parse RTF.
 //
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     FILE *fp;
     int ec;

     fp = fpIn = fopen("test.rtf", "r");
     if (!fp)
     {
         printf ("Can't open test file!\n");
         return 1;
     }
     if ((ec = ecRtfParse(fp)) != ecOK)
         printf("error %d parsing rtf\n", ec);
     else
         printf("Parsed RTF file OK\n");
     fclose(fp);
     return 0;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecRtfParse
 //
 // Step 1:
 // Isolate RTF keywords and send them to ecParseRtfKeyword;
 // Push and pop state at the start and end of RTF groups;
 // Send text to ecParseChar for further processing.
 //

 
 int
 ecRtfParse(FILE *fp)
 {
     int ch;
     int ec;
     int cNibble = 2;
     int b = 0;
     while ((ch = getc(fp)) != EOF)
     {
         if (cGroup < 0)
             return ecStackUnderflow;
         if (ris == risBin) // if we're parsing binary data, handle it directly
         {
             if ((ec = ecParseChar(ch)) != ecOK)
                 return ec;
         }
         else
         {
             switch (ch)
             {
             case '{':
                 if ((ec = ecPushRtfState()) != ecOK)
                     return ec;
                 break;
             case '}':
                 if ((ec = ecPopRtfState()) != ecOK)
                     return ec;
                 break;
             case '\\':
                 if ((ec = ecParseRtfKeyword(fp)) != ecOK)
                     return ec;
                 break;
             case 0x0d:
             case 0x0a:          // cr and lf are noise characters...
                 break;
             default:
                 if (ris == risNorm)
                 {
                     if ((ec = ecParseChar(ch)) != ecOK)
                         return ec;
                 }
                 else
                 {               // parsing hex data
                     if (ris != risHex)
                         return ecAssertion;
                     b = b << 4;
                     if (isdigit(ch))
                         b += (char) ch - '0';
                     else
                     {
                         if (islower(ch))
                         {
                             if (ch < 'a' || ch > 'f')
                                 return ecInvalidHex;
                             b += (char) ch - 'a';
                         }
                         else
                         {
                             if (ch < 'A' || ch > 'F')
                                 return ecInvalidHex;
                             b += (char) ch - 'A';
                         }
                     }
                     cNibble--;
                     if (!cNibble)
                     {
                         if ((ec = ecParseChar(ch)) != ecOK)
                             return ec;
                         cNibble = 2;
                         b = 0;
 ris = risNorm;
                     }
                 }                   // end else (ris != risNorm)
                 break;
             }       // switch
         }           // else (ris != risBin)
     }               // while
     if (cGroup < 0)
         return ecStackUnderflow;
     if (cGroup > 0)
         return ecUnmatchedBrace;
     return ecOK;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecPushRtfState
 //
 // Save relevant info on a linked list of SAVE structures.
 //

 int
 ecPushRtfState(void)
 {
     SAVE *psaveNew = malloc(sizeof(SAVE));
     if (!psaveNew)
         return ecStackOverflow;

     psaveNew -> pNext = psave;
     psaveNew -> chp = chp;
     psaveNew -> pap = pap;
     psaveNew -> sep = sep;
     psaveNew -> dop = dop;
     psaveNew -> rds = rds;
     psaveNew -> ris = ris;
     ris = risNorm;
     psave = psaveNew;
     cGroup++;
     return ecOK;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecPopRtfState
 //
 // If we're ending a destination (that is, the destination is changing),
 // call ecEndGroupAction.
 // Always restore relevant info from the top of the SAVE list.
 //

 int
 ecPopRtfState(void)
 {
     SAVE *psaveOld;
     int ec;

     if (!psave)
         return ecStackUnderflow;

     if (rds != psave->rds)
     {
         if ((ec = ecEndGroupAction(rds)) != ecOK)
             return ec;
     }
     chp = psave->chp;
     pap = psave->pap;
     sep = psave->sep;
     dop = psave->dop;
     rds = psave->rds;
     ris = psave->ris;

     psaveOld = psave;
     psave = psave->pNext;
     cGroup--;
     free(psaveOld);
     return ecOK;
 }

   //
   // %%Function: ecParseRtfKeyword
   //
   // Step 2:
   // get a control word (and its associated value) and
   // call ecTranslateKeyword to dispatch the control.
   //

 int
 ecParseRtfKeyword(FILE *fp)
 {
     int ch;
     char fParam = fFalse;
     char fNeg = fFalse;
     int param = 0;
     char *pch;
     char szKeyword[30];
     char szParameter[20];

     szKeyword[0] = '\0';
     szParameter[0] = '\0';
     if ((ch = getc(fp)) == EOF)
         return ecEndOfFile;
     if (!isalpha(ch))           // a control symbol; no delimiter.
     {
         szKeyword[0] = (char) ch;
         szKeyword[1] = '\0';
         return ecTranslateKeyword(szKeyword, 0, fParam);
     }
     for (pch = szKeyword; isalpha(ch); ch = getc(fp))
         *pch++ = (char) ch;
     *pch = '\0';
     if (ch == '-')
     {
         fNeg  = fTrue;
         if ((ch = getc(fp)) == EOF)
             return ecEndOfFile;
     }
     if (isdigit(ch))
     {
         fParam = fTrue; // a digit after the control means we have a parameter
         for (pch = szParameter; isdigit(ch); ch = getc(fp))
             *pch++ = (char) ch;
         *pch = '\0';
         param = atoi(szParameter);
         if (fNeg)
             param = -param;
         lParam = atol(szParameter);
         if (fNeg)
             param = -param;
     }
     if (ch != ' ')
         ungetc(ch, fp);
     return ecTranslateKeyword(szKeyword, param, fParam);
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecParseChar
 //
 // Route the character to the appropriate destination stream.
 //

 int
 ecParseChar(int ch)
 {
     if (ris == risBin && --cbBin <= 0)
         ris = risNorm;
     switch (rds)
     {
     case rdsSkip:
         // Toss this character.
         return ecOK;
     case rdsNorm:
         // Output a character. Properties are valid at this point.
         return ecPrintChar(ch);
     default:
     // handle other destinations....
         return ecOK;
     }
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecPrintChar
 //
 // Send a character to the output file.
 //

 int
 ecPrintChar(int ch)
 {
     // unfortunately, we don't do a whole lot here as far as layout goes...
     putchar(ch);
     return ecOK;
 }

 
 RTFACTN.C
 =========

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include "rtftype.h"
 #include "rtfdecl.h"

 // RTF parser tables

 // Property descriptions
 PROP rgprop [ipropMax] = {
     actnByte,   propChp,    offsetof(CHP, fBold),       // ipropBold
     actnByte,   propChp,    offsetof(CHP, fItalic),     // ipropItalic
     actnByte,   propChp,    offsetof(CHP, fUnderline),  // ipropUnderline
     actnWord,   propPap,    offsetof(PAP, xaLeft),      // ipropLeftInd
     actnWord,   propPap,    offsetof(PAP, xaRight),     // ipropRightInd
     actnWord,   propPap,    offsetof(PAP, xaFirst),     // ipropFirstInd
     actnWord,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, cCols),       // ipropCols
     actnWord,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, xaPgn),       // ipropPgnX
     actnWord,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, yaPgn),       // ipropPgnY
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, xaPage),      // ipropXaPage
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, yaPage),      // ipropYaPage
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, xaLeft),      // ipropXaLeft
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, xaRight),     // ipropXaRight
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, yaTop),       // ipropYaTop
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, yaBottom),    // ipropYaBottom
     actnWord,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, pgnStart),    // ipropPgnStart
     actnByte,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, sbk),         // ipropSbk
     actnByte,   propSep,    offsetof(SEP, pgnFormat),   // ipropPgnFormat
     actnByte,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, fFacingp),    // ipropFacingp
     actnByte,   propDop,    offsetof(DOP, fLandscape),  // ipropLandscape
     actnByte,   propPap,    offsetof(PAP, just),        // ipropJust
     actnSpec,   propPap,    0,                          // ipropPard
     actnSpec,   propChp,    0,                          // ipropPlain
     actnSpec,   propSep,    0,                          // ipropSectd
 };

 // Keyword descriptions
 SYM rgsymRtf[] = {
 //  keyword     dflt    fPassDflt   kwd         idx
     "b",        1,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropBold,
     "u",        1,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropUnderline,
     "i",        1,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropItalic,
     "li",       0,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropLeftInd,
     "ri",       0,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropRightInd,
     "fi",       0,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropFirstInd,
     "cols",     1,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropCols,
     "sbknone",  sbkNon, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,
     "sbkcol",   sbkCol, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,
     "sbkeven",  sbkEvn, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,
     "sbkodd",   sbkOdd, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,
     "sbkpage",  sbkPg,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropSbk,
     "pgnx",     0,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropPgnX,
     "pgny",     0,      fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropPgnY,
     "pgndec",   pgDec,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnFormat,
     "pgnucrm",  pgURom, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnFormat,
     "pgnlcrm",  pgLRom, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnFormat,
     "pgnucltr", pgULtr, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnFormat,
     "pgnlcltr", pgLLtr, fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnFormat,
     "qc",       justC,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropJust,
     "ql",       justL,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropJust,
     "qr",       justR,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropJust,
     "qj",       justF,  fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropJust,
     "paperw",   12240,  fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropXaPage,
     "paperh",   15480,  fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropYaPage,
     "margl",    1800,   fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropXaLeft,
     "margr",    1800,   fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropXaRight,
     "margt",    1440,   fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropYaTop,
     "margb",    1440,   fFalse,     kwdProp,    ipropYaBottom,
     "pgnstart", 1,      fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropPgnStart,
     "facingp",  1,      fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropFacingp,
     "landscape",1,      fTrue,      kwdProp,    ipropLandscape,
     "par",      0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x0a,
     "\0x0a",    0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x0a,
     "\0x0d",    0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x0a,
     "tab",      0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    0x09,
     "ldblquote",0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    '"',
     "rdblquote",0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    '"',
     "bin",      0,      fFalse,     kwdSpec,    ipfnBin,
     "*",        0,      fFalse,     kwdSpec,    ipfnSkipDest,
     "'",        0,      fFalse,     kwdSpec,    ipfnHex,
     "author",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "buptim",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "colortbl", 0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "comment",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "creatim",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "doccomm",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "fonttbl",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "footer",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "footerf",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "footerl",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "footerr",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "footnote", 0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "ftncn",    0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "ftnsep",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "ftnsepc",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "header",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "headerf",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "headerl",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "headerr",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "info",     0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "keywords", 0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "operator", 0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "pict",     0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "printim",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "private1", 0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "revtim",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "rxe",      0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "stylesheet",   0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "subject",  0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "tc",       0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "title",    0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "txe",      0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "xe",       0,      fFalse,     kwdDest,    idestSkip,
     "{",        0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    '{',
     "}",        0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    '}',
     "\\",       0,      fFalse,     kwdChar,    '\\'
     };
 int isymMax = sizeof(rgsymRtf) / sizeof(SYM);

 //
 // %%Function: ecApplyPropChange
 //
 // Set the property identified by _iprop_ to the value _val_.
 //
 //

 int
 ecApplyPropChange(IPROP iprop, int val)
 {
     char *pb;

     if (rds == rdsSkip)                 // If we're skipping text,
         return ecOK;                    // don't do anything.

     switch (rgprop[iprop].prop)
     {
     case propDop:
         pb = (char *)&dop;
         break;
     case propSep:
         pb = (char *)&sep;
         break;
     case propPap:
         pb = (char *)&pap;
         break;
     case propChp:
         pb = (char *)&chp;
         break;
     default:
         if (rgprop[iprop].actn != actnSpec)
             return ecBadTable;
         break;
     }
     switch (rgprop[iprop].actn)
     {
     case actnByte:
         pb[rgprop[iprop].offset] = (unsigned char) val;
         break;
     case actnWord:
         (*(int *) (pb+rgprop[iprop].offset)) = val;
         break;
     case actnSpec:
         return ecParseSpecialProperty(iprop, val);
         break;
     default:
         return ecBadTable;
     }
     return ecOK;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecParseSpecialProperty
 //
 // Set a property that requires code to evaluate.
 //

 int
 ecParseSpecialProperty(IPROP iprop, int val)
 {
     switch (iprop)
     {
     case ipropPard:
         memset(&pap, 0, sizeof(pap));
         return ecOK;
     case ipropPlain:
         memset(&chp, 0, sizeof(chp));
         return ecOK;
     case ipropSectd:
         memset(&sep, 0, sizeof(sep));
         return ecOK;
     default:
         return ecBadTable;
     }
     return ecBadTable;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecTranslateKeyword.
 //
 // Step 3.
 // Search rgsymRtf for szKeyword and evaluate it appropriately.
 //
 // Inputs:
 // szKeyword: The RTF control to evaluate.
 // param:     The parameter of the RTF control.
 // fParam:    fTrue if the control had a parameter; (that is, if param is valid)
 //            fFalse if it did not.
 //

 int
 ecTranslateKeyword(char *szKeyword, int param, bool fParam)
 {
     int isym;

     // search for szKeyword in rgsymRtf

     for (isym = 0; isym < isymMax; isym++)
         if (strcmp(szKeyword, rgsymRtf[isym].szKeyword) == 0)
             break;
     if (isym == isymMax)            // control word not found
     {
         if (fSkipDestIfUnk)         // if this is a new destination
             rds = rdsSkip;          // skip the destination
                                     // else just discard it
         fSkipDestIfUnk = fFalse;
         return ecOK;
     }

     // found it!  use kwd and idx to determine what to do with it.

     fSkipDestIfUnk = fFalse;
     switch (rgsymRtf[isym].kwd)
     {
     case kwdProp:
         if (rgsymRtf[isym].fPassDflt || !fParam)
             param = rgsymRtf[isym].dflt;
         return ecApplyPropChange(rgsymRtf[isym].idx, param);
     case kwdChar:
         return ecParseChar(rgsymRtf[isym].idx);
     case kwdDest:
         return ecChangeDest(rgsymRtf[isym].idx);
     case kwdSpec:
         return ecParseSpecialKeyword(rgsymRtf[isym].idx);
     default:
         return ecBadTable;
     }
     return ecBadTable;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecChangeDest
 //
 // Change to the destination specified by idest.
 // There's usually more to do here than this...
 //

 int
 ecChangeDest(IDEST idest)
 {
     if (rds == rdsSkip)             // if we're skipping text,
         return ecOK;                // don't do anything

     switch (idest)
     {
     default:
         rds = rdsSkip;              // when in doubt, skip it...
         break;
     }
     return ecOK;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecEndGroupAction
 //
 // The destination specified by rds is coming to a close.
 // If there's any cleanup that needs to be done, do it now.
 //

 int
 ecEndGroupAction(RDS rds)
 {
     return ecOK;
 }

 //
 // %%Function: ecParseSpecialKeyword
 //
 // Evaluate an RTF control that needs special processing.
 //

 int
 ecParseSpecialKeyword(IPFN ipfn)
 {
     if (rds == rdsSkip && ipfn != ipfnBin)  // if we're skipping, and it's not
         return ecOK;                        // the \bin keyword, ignore it.
     switch (ipfn)
     {
     case ipfnBin:
         ris = risBin;
         cbBin = lParam;
         break;
     case ipfnSkipDest:
         fSkipDestIfUnk = fTrue;
         break;
     case ipfnHex:
  ris = risHex;
  break;
     default:
         return ecBadTable;
     }
     return ecOK;
 }

 
 MAKEFILE
 ========

 CFLAGS = /Zi /Od

 rtfreadr.exe: rtfactn.obj rtfreadr.obj
 link rtfreadr.obj rtfactn.obj,rtfreadr,rtfreadr,slibce/COD;

 rtfactn.obj: rtfactn.c rtfdecl.h rtftype.h

 rtfreadr.obj: rtfreadr.c rtfdecl.h rtftype.h

 

 ***********************************************
  APPENDIX B: WORD 6J RICH TEXT FORMAT ADDENDUM
 ***********************************************

 This  document  contains  the  changes  to   the  Rich  Text  Format  (RTF) 
 specification for the Japanese version of Word 6.0 (all platforms). In this 
 document, "Word 6J" refers to the Japanese  version of Word 6.0 and "RTF-J" 
 refers to  the  RTF  specification  described  below.  This  document  also 
 contains some  information  about  the  interpretation  of  RTF-J  and some 
 behaviors of Word 6J.

 This document is  meant  to  be  used  in  conjunction  with  the  full RTF 
 specification, assumes you have read  that  document,  and does not contain 
 the necessary information to implement an  RTF  reader or writer by itself. 
 If you have any questions, please refer to the main specification first.

 

 *******
  RTF-J
 *******

 There is a Japanese local RTF specification, called RTF-J, that is somewhat 
 different from the standard RTF  specification.  Although  Word 6J does not 
 write RTF-J, it can read RTF-J  files.  It  retains the text strings in the 
 file and disregards unknown keywords.

 

 *********************
  ESCAPED EXPRESSIONS
 *********************

 An escape expression (for example, \'hh,  \\,  or  \{) is usable in all RTF 
 control words.

 Writer:
 - - - - -
 In general RTF should be written out  with all characters above 0x80 in the 
 escaped form, \'hh.

 Character code             Write out as
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 0x00 <= ch < 0x20          Escaped (\'hh)
 0x20 <= ch < 0x80          Raw (non-escaped) character
 0x80 <= ch <= 0xFF         Escaped (\'hh)

 For compatibility there  is  an  RTFParam  option  in  the [Microsoft Word] 
 section of the WORD6.INI file (which  is  the same as the WINWORD6.INI file 
 in the U.S.  version)  that  determines  whether  raw  8-bit  characters or 
 escaped characters are used for  the double-byte characters in \stylesheet, 
 \fonttbl, \bkmkstart, and \bkmkend. This option  is valid only when writing 
 out the RTF; it does not affect RTF reading behavior.

 [Microsoft Word]

 RTFParam=7 (the default) uses an  escaped  expression when the character is 
 above 0x80.

 RTFParam=8 uses raw 8-bit characters for \stylesheet, \fonttbl, \bkmkstart, 
 and \bkmkend (does not  escape  even  if  trailing-byte  was an RTF special 
 character such as \, {, or }).

 Reader:
 - - - - -
 When the RTF reader encounters raw  characters in the leading-byte range of 
 the double-byte character, it regards  the  next  character as the trailing 
 byte of the double-byte character and  combines the two characters into one 
 double-byte character.

 Leading byte  Trailing byte                 Validity
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Escaped       Raw (0x20 <= ch <= 0x7f)      Valid  (standard   format   for 
                                             double-byte character)
 Escaped       Escaped (other)               Valid  (standard   format   for 
                                             double-byte character)
 Raw           Raw                           Valid (RTF-J format for double-
                                             byte character)
 Raw           Escaped                       Invalid
 

 
 ***************
  Character Set
 ***************

 Word 6J specifies the character set in the font table using \fcharset. Word 
 6.0J interprets \cpg437 as  \fcharset0  and  \cpg932  as \fcharset128 if it 
 encounters these keywords when  reading  RTF.  If  both  \fcharset and \cpg 
 appear in the font table, \cpg is ignored.

 
 ===================
  Character Mapping
 ===================

 Word maps single-byte  characters  according  to  character set information 
 (for  example,  Macintosh  to  ANSI)   and  leaves  double-byte  characters 
 unmapped.

 
 Font Family
 ===========

 RTF-J keywords             Definition and Words interpretation
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \jis          RTF-J uses \jis  as  a  keyword  for  character  set. Word 6J 
               interprets this as \ansi, which  is the default character set 
               used if the character set is not defined.
 \fjminchou and
  \fjgothic    RTF-J uses \fjminchou and  \fjgothic  to specify font family. 
               Word 6J interprets these as \fnil,  which is the default font 
               family.

 
 ShiftJIS Font Without \cpg or \fcharset
 ---------------------------------------
 If \cpg or \fcharset  keywords  are  not  present,  Word  6J  uses the text 
 metrics of the font before determining the character set of these fonts. If 
 the font is unknown, Word 6J assumes it is SHIFTJIS_CHARSET.

 
 Composite Fonts (Associated Fonts for International Runs)
 ---------------------------------------------------------
 Word 6J defines control  words  to  specify  composite  fonts as associated 
 character properties. These control  words  follow  the  rule of associated 
 character properties and  understand  font  designation  (\afN).  All other 
 <aprops> are ignored in Word 6J.

 <atext>       <losbrun> | <hisbrun> | <dbrun>
 <losbrun>     \hich \afN & <aprops> \dbch \afN & <aprops> \loch <ptext>
 <hisbrun>     \loch \afN & <aprops> \dbch \afN & <aprops> \hich <ptext>
 <dbrun>       \loch \afN & <aprops> \hich \afN & <aprops> \dbch <ptext>

 Control word  Definition
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \loch         Specifies a run of the characters in the low-ANSI (0x00-0x7F) 
               area.
 \hich         For the characters in the high-ANSI (0x80-0xFF) area.
 \dbch         Specifies a run of the double-byte characters.

 Word 6J writes out associated  character  properties  in the styles. In the 
 style sheet, the <dbrun> definition  should  be used for compatibility with 
 applications that have transparent readers.

   {\stylesheet{\loch\af5\hich\af5\dbch\f27\fs20\snext0 Normal;}}

 If the composite font definition matches  the  style, only the control word 
 (\loch, \hich, or \dbch) will be used to distinguish the type of run, along 
 with the font information for transparent readers.

   {\fonttbl{\f5\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial;}
   {\f27\froman\fcharset128\fprq1 Mincho;}}
   {\stylesheet{\loch\af5\hich\af5\dbch\f27\fs20\snext0 Normal;}}
   \pard\plain
   {\dbch\f27\fs20 \'82\'b1\'82\'ea\'82\'cd}
   {\loch\f5 Test }
   {\dbch\f27\'82\'c5\'82\'b7\'81B}
   \par}

 If one or all of \loch, \hich,  and  \dbch are missing from the style sheet 
 definition (or  the  character  set  doesn't  match),  Word  6J  will apply 
 appropriate fonts to each character  run  in  the  style using the bulleted 
 rules below.

 Control word  Font that Word 6J will apply
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \loch         Same font as \f.
 \hich         Any font whose character set is ANSI_CHARSET.
 \dbch         Any font whose character set is SHIFTJIS_CHARSET.

 If the composite font control  words  are  missing  from the character run, 
 Word 6J will interpret all characters below 0x80 as a \loch run. Characters 
 above or equal to 0x80 will be determined using the following rules:

 ù If the character is in the  leading-byte  range and the next character is 
   in the trailing-byte range of a double-byte character, it will be treated 
   as a \dbch run (one double-byte character). For example:

      \'99\'47-> (1 japanese character, see JAPCHAR.IMG)

 ù If the character is in the  leading-byte range of a double-byte character 
   but the next character is  not  in  the  trailing-byte  range, it will be 
   treated as a  \hich  run  (two  high-ANSI  or  low-ANSI  characters). For 
   example:

      \'99\'FF-> (2 characters: TradeMark, small y with diaeresis)

 ù If the character is in the  leading-byte range of a double-byte character 
   and is the last character in the run,  it  will be treated as a \hich run 
   (one high-ANSI character). For example:

      \'99\par-> (1 character: TradeMark)

 ù If the character  is  not  in  the  leading-byte  range  of a double-byte 
   character, it will be treated as  a  \hich run (one high-ANSI character). 
   For example:

      \'FF->     (1 character: small y with diaeresis)

 
 New Control Words Created by Word 6J
 ------------------------------------

 Associated Character Properties
 -------------------------------
 Control word  Description
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \loch         The  text  consists   of   single-byte  low-ANSI  (0x00-0x7F) 
               characters.
 \hich         The  text  consists  of   single-byte  high-ANSI  (0x80-0xFF) 
               characters.
 \dbch         The text consists of double-byte characters.

 Borders
 - - - - - -
 \brdrdash     Dashed border.
 \brdrdashd    Dash-dotted border.
 \brdrdashdd   Dash-dot-dotted border.

 Character Properties
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \uldash       Dashed underline.
 \uldashd      Dash-dotted underline.
 \uldashdd     Dash-dot-dotted underline.
 \ulhair       Hairline underline.
 \ulth         Thick underline.
 \ulwave       Wave underline.

 Document Formatting Properties
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \horzdoc      Horizontal rendering.
 \vertdoc      Vertical rendering.
 \*\fchars     List of following kinsoku characters.
 \*\lchars     List of leading kinsoku characters.
 \jcompress    Compressing justification (default).
 \jexpand      Expanding justification.
 \gutterprl    Parallel gutter.
 \dgsnap       Snap to grid.
 \dghspaceN    Grid horizontal spacing in twips (the default is 120).
 \dgvspaceN    Grid vertical spacing in twips (the default is 120).
 \dghoriginN   Grid horizontal origin in twips (the default is 1701).
 \dgvoriginN   Grid vertical origin in twips (the default is 1984).
 \dghshowN     Show Nth horizontal grid (the default is 3).
 \dgvshowN     Show Nth vertical grid (the default is 0).

 Bullets and Numbering
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \pndecd       Double-byte decimal numbering (\*arabic\*dbchar).
 \pndbnum      Kanji numbering without the digit character (\*dbnum1).
 \pnaiu        46 phonetic katakana characters in "aiueo" order (\*aiueo).
 \pnaiud       46     phonetic      double-byte      katakana     characters 
               (\*aiueo\*dbchar).
 \pniroha      46 phonetic katakana characters in "iroha" order (\*iroha).
 \pnirohad     46     phonetic      double-byte      katakana     characters 
               (\*iroha\*dbchar).
 \pncnum       20 numbered list in circle (\*circlenum).
 \pnuldash     Dashed underline.
 \pnuldashd    Dash-dotted underline.
 \pnuldashdd   Dash-dot-dotted underline.
 \pnulhair     Hairline underline.
 \pnulth       Thick underline.
 \pnulwave     Wave underline.

 Drawing Objects
 - - - - - - - - - -
 \dptxlrtb     Text  box  flows  from  left  to  right  and  top  to  bottom 
               (default).
 \dptxtbrl     Text box flows from right to left and top to bottom.
 \dptxbtlr     Text box flows from left to right and bottom to top.
 \dptxlrtbv    Text box  flows  from  left  to  right  and  top  to  bottom, 
               vertically.
 \dptxtbrlv    Text box  flows  from  top  to  bottom  and  right  to  left, 
               vertically.

 Index Entries
 - - - - - - - - -
 \*\pxe        "Yomi" (pronunciation) for index entry.

 Paragraph Properties
 - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \nocwrap      No character wrapping.
 \nowwrap      No word wrapping.
 \qd           Distributed.
 \nooverflow   No overflow period and comma.
 \aspalpha     Auto spacing between DBC and English.
 \aspnum       Auto spacing between DBC and numbers.
 \fahang       Font alignment -> Hanging.
 \facenter     Font alignment -> Center.
 \faroman      Font alignment -> Roman (default).
 \favar        Font alignment -> Upholding variable.
 \fafixed      Font alignment -> Upholding fixed.

 Section Formatting Properties
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \horzsect     Horizontal rendering.
 \vertsect     Vertical rendering.
 \pgndecd      Double-byte decimal numbering.
 \pgndbnum     Kanji numbering without the digit character.
 \pgndbnumd    Kanji numbering with the digit character.

 Special Characters
 - - - - - - - - - - -
 \zwbo         Zero-width  break   opportunity.   Used   to   insert   break 
               opportunity between two characters.
 \zwnbo        Zero-width  nonbreak  opportunity.   Used   to  remove  break 
               opportunity between two characters.
 \qmspace      One-quarter em space.

 Tabs
 - - - - - - -
 \tlmdot       Leader middle dots.

 

 ****************************************
  APPENDIX C: INDEX OF RTF CONTROL WORDS
 ****************************************

 The following table contains a list of  each  RTF control word, the name of 
 the section where it may be found,  and  a brief description of the type of 
 control word. The types are described in the following table.

 Type            Description
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Flag            The control word ignores any parameter.

 Destination     This control word starts a group or destination. It ignores 
                 any parameter.

 Symbol          This control word represents a special character.

 Toggle          This control word  distinguishes  between  the  ON  and OFF 
                 states for the given  property.  The  control  word with no 
                 parameter or a nonzero  parameter  is  used  to turn on the 
                 property, while the control word  with  a zero parameter is 
                 used to turn it off.

 Value           This control word requires a parameter.

 NOTE    In the following  comprehensive  table,  the  names  of all control 
 words that are  new  to  Microsoft  Word  version  6.0  are  followed by an 
 asterisk (*).

 Control word    Described in section                        Type
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 \'              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \*              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \-              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \:              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \\              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \_              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \{              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \|              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \}              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \~              Special Characters                          Symbol
 \ab             Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \absh           Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \absw           Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \acaps          Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \acf            Associated Character Properties             Value
 \additive *     Style Sheet                                 Flag
 \adn            Associated Character Properties             Value
 \aenddoc *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aendnotes *    Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aexpnd         Associated Character Properties             Value
 \af             Associated Character Properties             Value
 \afs            Associated Character Properties             Value
 \aftnbj *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftncn *       Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \aftnnalc *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnnar *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnnauc *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnnchi *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnnrlc *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnnruc *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnrestart *  Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnrstcont *  Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \aftnsep *      Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \aftnsepc *     Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \aftnstart *    Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \aftntj *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ai             Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \alang          Associated Character Properties             Value
 \allprot *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \alt            Style Sheet                                 Flag
 \annotation     Annotations                                 Destination
 \annotprot *    Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ansi           Character Set                               Flag
 \aoutl          Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \ascaps         Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \ashad          Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \astrike        Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \atnauthor *    Annotations                                 Destination
 \atnicn         Annotations                                 Destination
 \atnid          Annotations                                 Destination
 \atnref *       Annotations                                 Destination
 \atntime        Annotations                                 Destination
 \atrfend *      Annotations                                 Destination
 \atrfstart *    Annotations                                 Destination
 \aul            Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \auld           Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \auldb          Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \aulnone        Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \aulw           Associated Character Properties             Toggle
 \aup            Associated Character Properties             Value
 \author         Information Group                           Destination
 \b              Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \bgbdiag        Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgcross        Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdcross       Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkbdiag      Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkcross      Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkdcross     Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkfdiag      Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkhoriz      Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgdkvert       Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgfdiag        Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bghoriz        Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bgvert         Paragraph Shading                           Flag
 \bin            Pictures                                    Value
 \binfsxn        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \binsxn         Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \bkmkcolf       Bookmarks                                   Value
 \bkmkcoll       Bookmarks                                   Value
 \bkmkend        Bookmarks                                   Destination
 \bkmkpub        Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects Flag
 \bkmkstart      Bookmarks                                   Destination
 \blue           Color Table                                 Value
 \box            Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrb          Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrbar        Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrbtw        Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrcf         Paragraph Borders                           Value
 \brdrdash *     Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrdb         Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrdot        Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrhair       Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrl          Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrr          Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrs          Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrsh         Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrt          Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrth         Paragraph Borders                           Flag
 \brdrw          Paragraph Borders                           Value
 \brkfrm *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \brsp           Paragraph Borders                           Value
 \bullet         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \buptim         Information Group                           Destination
 \bxe            Index Entries                               Flag
 \caps           Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \cb             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \cbpat          Paragraph Shading                           Value
 \cchs *         Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \cell           Special Characters                          Symbol
 \cellx          Table Definitions                           Value
 \cf             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \cfpat          Paragraph Shading                           Value
 \chatn          Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chdate         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chdpa          Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chdpl          Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chftn          Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chftnsep       Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chftnsepc      Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chpgn          Special Characters                          Symbol
 \chtime         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \clbgbdiag      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgcross      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdcross     Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkbdiag    Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkcross    Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkdcross   Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkfdiag    Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkhor      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgdkvert     Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgfdiag      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbghoriz      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbgvert       Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbrdrb        Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbrdrl        Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbrdrr        Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clbrdrt        Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clcbpat        Table Definitions                           Value
 \clcfpat        Table Definitions                           Value
 \clmgf          Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clmrg          Table Definitions                           Flag
 \clshdng        Table Definitions                           Value
 \colno *        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \colortbl       Color Table                                 Destination
 \cols           Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \colsr *        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \colsx          Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \column         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \colw *         Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \comment        Information Group                           Destination
 \cpg            Code Page Support                           Value
 \creatim        Information Group                           Destination
 \cs             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \ctrl           Style Sheet                                 Flag
 \cvmme *        Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \datafield *    Fields                                      Destination
 \deff           Font Table                                  Value
 \defformat      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \deflang        Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \deftab         Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \deleted        Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \dfrmtxtx       Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \dfrmtxty       Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \dibitmap       Pictures                                    Value
 \dn             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \do *           Drawing Objects                             Destination
 \dobxcolumn *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dobxmargin *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dobxpage *     Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dobymargin *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dobypage *     Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dobypara *     Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \doccomm        Information Group                           Destination
 \doctemp        Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \dodhgt *       Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dolock *       Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpaendhol *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpaendl *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpaendsol *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpaendw *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dparc *        Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dparcflipx *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dparcflipy *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpastarthol *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpastartl *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpastartsol *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpastartw *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpcallout *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcoa *        Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpcoaccent *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcobestfit *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcoborder *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcodabs *     Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpcodbottom *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcodcenter *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcodtop *     Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcolength *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpcominusx *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcominusy *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcooffset *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpcosmarta *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcotdouble *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcotright *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcotsingle *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcottriple *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpcount *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpellipse *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpendgroup *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpfillbgcb *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillbgcg *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillbgcr *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillbggray * Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillbgpal *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpfillfgcb *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillfgcg *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillfgcr *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillfggray * Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpfillfgpal *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpfillpat *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpgroup *      Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpline *       Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinecob *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dplinecog *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dplinecor *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dplinedado *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinedadodo * Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinedash *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinedot *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinegray *   Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dplinehollow * Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinepal *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinesolid *  Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dplinew *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dppolycount *  Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dppolygon *    Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dppolyline *   Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpptx *        Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dppty *        Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dprect *       Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dproundr *     Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dpshadow *     Drawing Objects                             Flag__
 \dpshadx *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpshady *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dptxbx *       Drawing Objects                             Flag
 \dptxbxmar *    Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dptxbxtext *   Drawing Objects                             Destination
 \dpx *          Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpxsize *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpy *          Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dpysize *      Drawing Objects                             Value
 \dropcapli *    Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \dropcapt *     Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \ds             Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \dxfrtext       Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \dy             Information Group                           Value
 \edmins         Information Group                           Value
 \emdash         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \emspace *      Special Characters                          Symbol
 \endash         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \enddoc         Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \endnhere       Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \endnotes       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \enspace *      Special Characters                          Symbol
 \expnd          Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \expndtw *      Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \f              Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \facingp        Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \falt *         Font Table                                  Destination
 \fbidi          Font Table                                  Flag
 \fcharset *     Font Table                                  Value
 \fdecor         Font Table                                  Flag
 \fet *          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \fi             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \fid *          File Table                                  Value
 \field          Fields                                      Destination
 \file *         File Table                                  Destination
 \filetbl *      File Table                                  Destination
 \fldalt *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \flddirty       Fields                                      Flag
 \fldedit        Fields                                      Flag
 \fldinst        Fields                                      Destination
 \fldlock        Fields                                      Flag
 \fldpriv        Fields                                      Flag
 \fldrslt        Fields                                      Destination
 \fmodern        Font Table                                  Flag
 \fn             Style Sheet                                 Value
 \fnetwork *     File Table                                  Flag
 \fnil           Font Table                                  Flag
 \fontemb        Font Table                                  Destination
 \fontfile       Font Table                                  Destination
 \fonttbl        Font Table                                  Destination
 \footer         Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \footerf        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \footerl        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \footerr        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \footery        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \footnote       Footnotes                                   Destination
 \formdisp *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \formprot *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \formshade *    Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \fosnum *       File Table                                  Value
 \fprq *         Font Table                                  Value
 \fracwidth      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \frelative *    File Table                                  Value
 \froman         Font Table                                  Flag
 \fs             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \fscript        Font Table                                  Flag
 \fswiss         Font Table                                  Flag
 \ftech          Font Table                                  Flag
 \ftnalt *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnbj          Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftncn          Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \ftnil          Font Table                                  Flag
 \ftnnalc *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnnar *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnnauc *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnnchi *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnnrlc *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnnruc *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnrestart     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnrstcont *   Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnrstpg *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ftnsep         Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \ftnsepc        Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \ftnstart       Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \ftntj          Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \fttruetype     Font Table                                  Flag
 \fvaliddos *    File Table                                  Flag
 \fvalidhpfs *   File Table                                  Flag
 \fvalidmac *    File Table                                  Flag
 \fvalidntfs *   File Table                                  Flag
 \green          Color Table                                 Value
 \gutter         Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \guttersxn      Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \header         Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \headerf        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \headerl        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \headerr        Headers and Footers                         Destination
 \headery        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \hr             Information Group                           Value
 \hyphauto *     Document Formatting Properties              Toggle
 \hyphcaps *     Document Formatting Properties              Toggle
 \hyphconsec *   Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \hyphhotz       Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \hyphpar *      Paragraph Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \i              Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \id             Information Group                           Value
 \info           Information Group                           Destination
 \intbl          Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ixe            Index Entries                               Flag
 \keep           Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \keepn          Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \kerning *      Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \keycode        Style Sheet                                 Destination
 \keywords       Information Group                           Destination
 \landscape      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \lang           Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \ldblquote      Special Characters                          Symbol
 \level          Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \li             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \line           Special Characters                          Symbol
 \linebetcol     Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \linecont       Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \linemod        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \lineppage      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \linerestart    Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \linestart      Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \linestarts     Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \linex          Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \linkself       Objects                                     Flag
 \linkstyles *   Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \lndscpsxn      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \lquote         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \ltrch          Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ltrdoc         Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \ltrmark        Special Characters                          Symbol
 \ltrpar         Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ltrrow         Table Definitions                           Flag
 \ltrsect        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \mac            Character Set                               Flag
 \macpict        Pictures                                    Flag
 \makebackup     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \margb          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \margbsxn       Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \margl          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \marglsxn       Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \margmirror     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \margr          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \margrsxn       Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \margt          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \margtsxn       Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \min            Information Group                           Value
 \mo             Information Group                           Value
 \nextfile       Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \nocolbal *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \noextrasprl *  Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \nofchars       Information Group                           Value
 \nofpages       Information Group                           Value
 \nofwords       Information Group                           Value
 \noline         Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \nosupersub *   Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \notabind *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \nowidctlpar *  Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \nowrap         Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \objalias       Objects                                     Destination
 \objalign       Objects                                     Value
 \objautlink     Objects                                     Flag
 \objclass       Objects                                     Destination
 \objcropb       Objects                                     Value
 \objcropl       Objects                                     Value
 \objcropr       Objects                                     Value
 \objcropt       Objects                                     Value
 \objdata        Objects                                     Destination
 \object         Objects                                     Destination
 \objemb         Objects                                     Flag
 \objh           Objects                                     Value
 \objicemb       Objects                                     Flag
 \objlink        Objects                                     Flag
 \objlock        Objects                                     Flag
 \objname        Objects                                     Destination
 \objpub         Objects                                     Flag
 \objscalex      Objects                                     Value
 \objscaley      Objects                                     Value
 \objsect        Objects                                     Destination
 \objsetsize     Objects                                     Flag
 \objsub         Objects                                     Flag
 \objtime        Objects                                     Destination
 \objtransy      Objects                                     Value
 \objupdate *    Objects                                     Flag
 \objw           Objects                                     Value
 \operator       Information Group                           Destination
 \otblrul *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \outl           Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \page           Special Characters                          Symbol
 \pagebb         Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \paperh         Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \paperw         Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \par            Special Characters                          Symbol
 \pard           Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \pc             Character Set                               Flag
 \pca            Character Set                               Flag
 \pghsxn         Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \pgncont        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgndec         Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnhn *        Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \pgnhnsc *      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnhnsh *      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnhnsm *      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnhnsn *      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnhnsp *      Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnlcltr       Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnlcrm        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnrestart     Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnstart       Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \pgnstarts      Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \pgnucltr       Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnucrm        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \pgnx           Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \pgny           Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \pgwsxn         Section Formatting Properties               Value
 \phcol          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \phmrg          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \phpg           Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \picbmp *       Pictures                                    Flag
 \picbpp *       Pictures                                    Value
 \piccropb       Pictures                                    Value
 \piccropl       Pictures                                    Value
 \piccropr       Pictures                                    Value
 \piccropt       Pictures                                    Value
 \pich           Pictures                                    Value
 \pichgoal       Pictures                                    Value
 \picscaled      Pictures                                    Flag
 \picscalex      Pictures                                    Value
 \picscaley      Pictures                                    Value
 \pict           Pictures                                    Destination
 \picw           Pictures                                    Value
 \picwgoal       Pictures                                    Value
 \plain          Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \pmmetafile     Pictures                                    Value
 \pn *           Bullets and Numbering                       Destination
 \pnacross *     Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnb *          Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pncaps *       Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pncard *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pncf *         Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pndec *        Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnf *          Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnfs *         Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnhang *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pni *          Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pnindent *     Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnlcltr *      Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnlcrm *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnlvl *        Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnlvlblt *     Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnlvlbody *    Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnlvlcont *    Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnnumonce *    Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnord *        Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnordt *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnprev *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnqc *         Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnql *         Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnqr *         Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnrestart *    Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnscaps *      Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pnseclvl *     Bullets and Numbering                       Destination
 \pnsp *         Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnstart *      Bullets and Numbering                       Value
 \pnstrike *     Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pntext *       Bullets and Numbering                       Destination
 \pntxta *       Bullets and Numbering                       Destination
 \pntxtb *       Bullets and Numbering                       Destination
 \pnucltr *      Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnucrm *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnul *         Bullets and Numbering                       Toggle
 \pnuld *        Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnuldb *       Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnulnone *     Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \pnulw *        Bullets and Numbering                       Flag
 \posnegx *      Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \posnegy *      Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \posx           Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \posxc          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posxi          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posxl          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posxo          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posxr          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posy           Positioned Objects and Frames               Value
 \posyb          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posyc          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posyil         Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \posyt          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \prcolbl *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \printdata *    Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \printim        Information Group                           Destination
 \psover         Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \psz *          Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \pubauto        Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects Flag
 \pvmrg          Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \pvpara         Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \pvpg           Positioned Objects and Frames               Flag
 \qc             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \qj             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ql             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \qr             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \rdblquote      Special Characters                          Symbol
 \red            Color Table                                 Value
 \result         Objects                                     Destination
 \revauth *      Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \revbar         Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \revdttm *      Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \revised        Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \revisions      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \revprop        Document Formatting Properties              Value
 \revprot *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \revtbl *       Revision Marks                              Destination
 \revtim         Information Group                           Destination
 \ri             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \row            Special Characters                          Symbol
 \rquote         Special Characters                          Symbol
 \rsltbmp        Objects                                     Flag
 \rsltmerge      Objects                                     Flag
 \rsltpict       Objects                                     Flag
 \rsltrtf        Objects                                     Flag
 \rslttxt        Objects                                     Flag
 \rtf            RTF Version                                 Destination
 \rtlch          Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \rtldoc         Document Formatting Properties              Flag

 \rtlmark        Bidirectional Language Support
                  and Special Characters                     Symbol

 \rtlpar         Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \rtlrow         Table Definitions                           Flag
 \rtlsect        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \rxe            Index Entries                               Destination
 \s              Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \sa             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \sb             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \sbasedon       Style Sheet                                 Value
 \sbkcol         Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sbkeven        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sbknone        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sbkodd         Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sbkpage        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sbys           Paragraph Formatting Properties             Flag
 \scaps          Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \sec            Information Group                           Value
 \sect           Special Characters                          Symbol
 \sectd          Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \sectnum        Special Characters                          Symbol
 \sectunlocked * Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \shad           Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \shading        Paragraph Shading                           Value
 \shift          Style Sheet                                 Flag
 \sl             Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \slmult *       Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \snext          Style Sheet                                 Value
 \softcol *      Special Characters                          Flag
 \softlheight *  Special Characters                          Value
 \softline *     Special Characters                          Flag
 \softpage *     Special Characters                          Flag
 \sprsspbf *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \sprstsp *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \strike         Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \stylesheet     Style Sheet                                 Destination
 \sub *          Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \subdocument *  Paragraph Formatting Properties             Value
 \subject        Information Group                           Destination
 \super *        Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \swpbdr *       Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \tab            Special Characters                          Symbol
 \tb             Tabs                                        Value
 \tc             Table of Contents Entries                   Destination
 \tcf            Table of Contents Entries                   Value
 \tcl            Table of Contents Entries                   Value
 \tcn *          Table of Contents Entries                   Flag
 \template       Document Formatting Properties              Destination
 \title          Information Group                           Destination
 \titlepg        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \tldot          Tabs                                        Flag
 \tleq           Tabs                                        Flag
 \tlhyph         Tabs                                        Flag
 \tlth           Tabs                                        Flag
 \tlul           Tabs                                        Flag
 \tqc            Tabs                                        Flag
 \tqdec          Tabs                                        Flag
 \tqr            Tabs                                        Flag
 \transmf *      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \trbrdrb *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trbrdrh *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trbrdrl *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trbrdrr *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trbrdrt *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trbrdrv *      Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trgaph         Table Definitions                           Value
 \trhdr *        Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trkeep *       Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trleft         Table Definitions                           Value
 \trowd          Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trqc           Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trql           Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trqr           Table Definitions                           Flag
 \trrh           Table Definitions                           Value
 \tx             Tabs                                        Value
 \txe            Index Entries                               Destination
 \ul             Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \uld            Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \uldb           Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ulnone         Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \ulw            Character Formatting Properties             Flag
 \up             Character Formatting Properties             Value
 \v              Character Formatting Properties             Toggle
 \vern           Information Group                           Value
 \version        Information Group                           Value
 \vertalb        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \vertalc        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \vertalj        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \vertalt        Section Formatting Properties               Flag
 \wbitmap        Pictures                                    Value
 \wbmbitspixel   Pictures                                    Value
 \wbmplanes      Pictures                                    Value
 \wbmwidthbytes  Pictures                                    Value
 \widowctrl      Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \wmetafile      Pictures                                    Value
 \wraptrsp *     Document Formatting Properties              Flag
 \xe             Index Entries                               Destination
 \xef *          Index Entries                               Value
 \yr             Information Group                           Value
 \zwj            Special Characters                          Symbol
 \zwnj           Special Characters                          Symbol