Atari Web Pages Latest News ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ Version 1.0 ~~~~~~~ ~~~ Date 21/4/95 ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ by Mark Stephen Smith ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 5th Update ~~~ ~~~~~~ ================================================================================ Foreword ~~~~~~~~ Hello and welcome to the news item on the Atari Web pages. This document will describe the Atari Web pages as provided by Mark Stephen Smith and will inlcude a list of the latest updates for the month. Each month I hope to update this text with the very latest additions and news on the Atari Web pages. Hopefully these pages will provide an invaluable service to their users, but they are still at an early stage and developing all the time. As such any feedback and support you may have for these pages is more than welcome, it is infact encouraged. The more input I get from its users the better, as then I will know what is good and bad about these pages and can change them approproately in the hope of increasing their value to their readers. Now on with the show. ================================================================================ News and Changes ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ Well since the original description a lot has happened. I'm now involved in several projects, and submit work to several Internet and diskmag sources for inclusion. I have also officially took over the maintenance of the Atari FTP list from Hallvard Tangeraas of which there have been a couple of updates. New items in this document since the last copy will be marked with **, updates will be marked with a U. All new items are also listed below according to the date they were added. This update is special as it contains the updates from the last two months rather than one month as is usual for the updates. This is a one off however and has happened due to the fact that my Web pages had to close down in March and a new site had to be found before the service was resumed. A new site was successfully found but I felt there were insufficient updates that month because of these events and therefore this update is larger containing both months. Please make a note of the sites new address and update any links or bookmarks to the Atari pages to the new address. Thank you! The new items this month are: 21/4/95 -- Nova Graphics Board Announcement 21/4/95 -- Sozobon C Announcement 21/4/95 -- FTP site Announcement 20/4/95 -- Speed of Light v3.8 update 18/4/95 -- Atari FTP list updated 18/4/95 -- Doom Review for Jaguar by Robert Jung 18/4/95 -- ECTS News 18/4/95 -- Kasumi Ninja Moves List 18/4/95 -- Coming soon for the Jaguar title list updated. 18/4/95 -- HENSA Atari TOS Newsletter Volume 8. No.7. 12/4/95 -- Speed of Light 3.7b update 12/4/95 -- Fried Bits Eastern Coding Convention 3 Announcement 12/4/95 -- CAIN Newsletter Volume 2. No.3 12/4/95 -- Apex Media Demo for the Falcon 12/4/95 -- HENSA Atari Falcon Newsletter Volume 8. No.3 12/4/95 -- Raiden Tips for Jaguar 12/4/95 -- Lynx FAQ Updated 12/4/95 -- Jaguar FAQ updated 5/4/95 -- Jaguar Game Cheats 5/4/95 -- Theme Park review for Jaguar by Robert Jung 5/4/95 -- AEO Newsletter Volume 4. Issue 4. in text and ZIP format 28/3/95 -- Jaguar Reviews pages format updated by Holger Kipp 27/3/95 -- Falcon Demo FAQ Updated. 27/3/95 -- 50/60 Hz Jaguar games adjusting to resolution list 27/3/95 -- Iron Soldier Jaguar Review by Holger Kipp 27/3/95 -- Syndicate Jaguar Review by Holger Kipp 27/3/95 -- Cannon Fodder Jaguar Review by Holger Kipp 27/3/95 -- Theme Park Jaguar Review by Holger Kipp 24/3/95 -- HENSA Atari TOS Newsletter Volume 8. No.6. 23/3/95 -- Pages re-open at new site, links being updated. 22/3/95 -- Pages closed down. 17/3/95 -- Given the news these pages must close at Daresbury by the 22/3/95. 15/3/95 -- Portfolio Club 14/3/95 -- Atari FTP List Update 14/3/95 -- Towers II : Plight of the Stargazer 14/3/95 -- HENSA Atari TOS Newsletter Volume 8. No.5 10/3/95 -- Questions and Answers question 15 answered 10/3/95 -- Towers II release announcement 7/3/95 -- Atari Related Links Page 7/3/95 -- Information on viruses 7/3/95 -- CAIN Newsletter Volume 2. No.2 3/3/95 -- Lynx FAQ updated 3/3/95 -- Jaquar FAQ updated 2/3/95 -- Wolfenstein 3D Jaguar Review by Robert Jung 2/3/95 -- Iron Soldier Jaguar Review by Robert Jung 2/3/95 -- Jaguar Bubsy Bobcat (In Fractured Furry Tales) Review by Robert Jung 2/3/95 -- Jaguar Val D'Isere Skiing and Snowboarding Review by Robert Jung 28/2/95 -- AEO Newsletter Volume 4. Issue.3 in text and ZIP format ================================================================================ What are the Atari Web pages? ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ These are a collection of pages covering all formats of the Atari. In these pages may be found the latest news, reviews, software for downloading, and various other information and links to other places of interest to Atari users. I have tried to make the structure of these pages easy to follow and as intuitive as possible but there is still a lot of work to be done yet. ================================================================================ How do I access them and what is the Web? ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ First of all I shall look at what the Web is or to use its full name the World Wide Web. The Web is new way of accessing the Internet, unlike previous methods where you were required to enter commands into the program you were using the Web uses a more user driven method of getting around the Internet. This method is much more graphical than former methods and as such is much easier to get to grips with. When using a Web browser (the name given to a program used to access Web pages) the control method usually consists of a point and click operation. A Web page will consist of text and graphics which are sometimes highlighted in some way to indicate that they are selectable and link to more information or a particular piece of data. Such a link is reffered to as a hyperlink. In fact the whole system is a variation on hypertext and uses a script to create each page. Each script is written to a HTML (HyperText Markup Language) standard which contains the main body of text in the page and a few command tags for the browser as to how to format the page and what to do with links, etc. Web pages may contain text, graphics, sounds, and animations, although the later two are normally supported through external software. It is also possible using the Web to gain access to newsgroups, ftp sites, and gopher services all through the one program. As such this makes this a very powerful tool for Internet access, and coupled with its ease of use this has suddenly became the big thing in the recent Internet explosion into the media. Browsers can handle all properly written HTML scripts but may vary in operation when scripts are incorrect or contain mistakes. Browsers can be divided into to distinct types, graphical and text only. Popular graphical browsers include NCSA's Mosaic and the recent new browser NetScape. On the text side Lynx is the most popular textual browser (NOTE: text browsers don't show any form of graphics). To access the Web you must either use one of the above mentioned browsers on a machine such as a Sun, PC or Mactintosh, or if you want to access it via your Atari you will need a copy of the Lynx browser as unfortunately there aren't any graphical browsers YET for the Atari. ================================================================================ U Where do I find the Atari Web page? ~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ >From your Web browser choose to open URL and enter the following address: http://www.mcc.ac.uk/~dlms/atari.html If you can store a hotlist of addresses or something similar on your browser then it may be worth including this address for quick access in the future. Once you've done that you should see my main page so I hope you enjoy it, and don't forget to write with your thoughts. (*NOTE*: This is the new site for the Atari Web pages, take note of it!) ================================================================================ U What you will find in the Web pages every month. ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ >From the main menu you have several links available to you, some under miscellaneous and others specific to a particular machine, or collection of machines. It is now possible to mail me directly from the Web pages, special thanks also to Frank Charlton for the new Atari Logo. First I will look at what will be in the Miscellaneous section. ************************* Atari Related links, Documents, FAQ's and Newsletters ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ First in the list are "Atari Related Links", these links are to other sources of Atari information or data (such as files, etc.). There is a link to many of the major Atari holding FTP sites on the Internet. Links to several Web pages by different people on the Atari. This will grow as worthwhile sites come up. At the moment you can visit: - HENSA to download Atari files (Moderated by Denesh Bhabuta) - ZFC's Atari Pages by Annius V. Groenink. This has links to various Atari related places, along with talk of his own work on Edith and his new Drive U Project. Annius is also working on a version of the Mosaic browser for the Atari and the best of luck goes to him on that. - Christer Gustavsson's Atari Gem Programmers Page. Very useful information for programmers grapling with Gem and the operating system. Also offers help via his questions answers page. Some links can be found to Atari related places. - CAIN Atari Pages. CAIN is the Central Atari Information Network and they create a newsletter which is updately monthly on all things new to do with the Atari. There are also links available here. - Martin Maisey's Atari Pages. Contains information (downloadable) on programs written by himself for the Atari. Again there are links to other Atari places. - Toad Computers Pages. Stockiest and retailer of many Atari goods. - ST Format Pages. Information and previews of ST Format issues. **Volker Burggraf Atari Pages (German). **Desert Star Software Home Page. **ST Assembler Page **BSM's Home Page **ST Beer Mat Page **The Organised Chaos Licenseware Home Page **Index of /~jschlich/Jaguar/ **Lynx Pages **Atari Lynx Page **Atari Page by Frank Post (Partially German, partially English) **MiNTOS Distribution and Information Page **Julian's Atari Page **Atari Ghostscript **Atari Page by Robert Krenn **Simon Gornall's Atari Pages **Ben Halls Page (KSculpt + Calamus Information) **"Data Uncertain" Software **Kay's Home (MintNet) **CNAM Atari Pages **EMAGIC Users Page (Covers Atari) **Helmut's Project contains Atari Links (English and German) **Eero Tamminen's Atari Pages **Atari Programmers Page **The Vulcans Home Page **Atari Users List **Impulse Home Page (Demo Crew) **NPG Home Page (Demo Crew) **Atari Page by Dirk Klemmt **Steve's Atari WWW Pages **The Guitar Reference (For the Atari) **Musings of an Amateur Hacker **The Atari Home Page by Martijn Dekker **Tecnation Sonovista (Falcon based computer) **Cybercube WWW Page (Atari Products) **Yak's Zoo **Atari Jaguar 64-Bit Game Machine Stuff **8 Bit Atari Page by Ivo van Poorten **Atari Jaguar Homepage by Christian Svensson (very good and kept up to date) **Jaguar directory Documents ~~~~~~~~~ Useful documents will appear in here. At the moment there is: U Atari FTP List by Mark Stephen Smith (essential for the latest news on who provides Atari FTP sites). - Atari TOS Desktop Survival Kit by Thomas J Hopper. An essential guide to getting the most out of your DESKTOP.INF and NEWSDESK.INF files. - Recommended list of software for the Atari by Denesh Bhabuta. List compiled by Denesh for me of his best software for the Atari (updates coming soon). Mostly PD and Shareware, this list contains links to download most of the software mentioned. - Information on picture formats by Dave Bagget. Lots of information on the format of different picture files for the Atari. **Information on Viruses. FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions) ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ Useful FAQ's will appear here. At the moment there is: - Atari ST SLIP FAQ. This is a guide to connecting your Atari to a network. All you want to know about networks and the Atari. - Atari CD FAQ. Information on getting and using CD's on the Atari. Regular updates to this can be found in my pages. - GDOS FAQ by Gerd Castan. Got a question on GDOS then this is the place to look. - MiNTNet FAQ by Christer Gustavsson. Everything you wanted to know about MiNTNet. - AtariNOS FAQ by Frank Charlton. Answered questions and information on NOS. Newsletters ~~~~~~~~~~~ Although there may be more to come the following newsletters are updated promptly as I receive them. These have been re-organised to make it easier to keep track of. At the moment there is: U CAIN Newsletter containing the latest Atari news. U HENSA Newsletter containing the latest updates to the HENSA Atari archive. U AEO Newsletter containing the latest Atari news. Newsgroups ~~~~~~~~~~ Atari related newsgroups. Send updates. The currently supported news are: comp.binaries.atari.st comp.sys.atari.advocacy comp.sys.atari.announce comp.sys.atari.st comp.sys.atari.st.tech comp.sys.atari.programmer rec.games.video.atari alt.games.lynx ************************* U Questions and Answers ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ Submit your questions to here and get them included in this page. Answers are open to anyone who has something valid to say, and help is provided to me on Programming and Music questions by several knowledgeable sources. Please support this section, only by your interaction and questions will it survive. All answers are included in this page for anyone else with the same question and answers are also sent back to the person who submitted the question for those without Web access. If you feel you have an expertise in a particular area concerning the Atari and would be willing to answer questions on that area when and if I submitted them to you, then please let me know and you can join the team. Programming and Music are fairly well covered and I can cover Graphics programs, help with Technical questions would be appreciated. ************************** Reviews ~~~~~~~ Here I hope to include reviews of Atari products both new an old. So far I have the following reviews: - Kobold review by Andy Curtis (ST Format) - Flash 2 review by Frank Charlton (ST Format) - Edith Professional review by Frank Charlton (ST Format) - MagiC review by Andy Curtis (ST Format) - Stello v2 review by Mark Stephen Smith (Myself) - Sportster Modem review by Frank Charlton (ST Format) - Storm Tracker review by Andy Curtis (ST Format) - Connect review by Frank Charlton (ST Format) - Zero 5 review by Frank Charlton (ST Format) - MIDI Grid review by Andy Curtis (ST Format) There are several reviews on the way by the above mentioned people aswell as some by myself. This section is now growing well now and Nick Peers from ST format recently expressed his interest in writing some reviews also. Again if you feel you would like to submit reviews for inclusion then please write to me. Please note these pages don't include Lynx and Jaguar Reviews, as they are contained within their own pages. ************************** News and Announcements Pages ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Latest Atari news, and announcements from the Atari World. Currently contains the following: **Nova Graphics Board Announcement **Sozobon C Announcment **FTP site Announcment **Fried Bits Eastern Coding Convention 3 Announcement **Portfolio Club Announcement **Towers II release Announcement - Universal Virus Killer Book Announcement ************************** Updates and Information on these Web Pages ~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ All updates and news on the Atari Web pages goes in here. Previews of whats to come soon are included and new items or updates to the pages are listed according to date with the most recent being first. Most updates contain links to the new material for instant access. Other things to be found in here are the number of accesses to the Atari pages. At the moment this is not supported. *************************** This now concludes the Miscellaneous section. Now onto the Other Pages. These pages are specific to a particular machine, or collection of machines. These are going to go through some major changes and you can expect a fair number of changes to be made to these in the next month or so. *************************** Falcon Page ~~~~~~ ~~~~ This will contain information and files relevant to the Atari Falcon, currently this page is divided into the following areas: News and Previews ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ In here expect to see any news or previews that come my way, whether they be small descriptions or full features with pictures. At the moment there is: - Pinball Dreams and Llama Zap News. - Apex News. This contains some information I got on Apex Media for the Falcon when I spoke to Douglas Little on the phone a few weeks back. Not very detailed unfortunately, but I'm waiting on my copy of Apex to give a full review so expect that to be rectified soon. - Dextrous News. Small description of some of the features of Dextrous with a picture. Only at an early stage of development, if I hear more it will go in here. - Towers II : Plight of the Stargazer. Pictures and description of this great looking Falcon only sequel to Towers. Expect the demo soon. - Towers II : Plight of the Stargazer Update! The latest news on developments. U Newsletters from HENSA on Falcon section of archive. Misc ~~~~ Miscellaneous information on the Falcon, including: U Falcon Demo FAQ. List of Demos for the Falcon, including some form of information on each. - Compatibility list of games with Falcon. - Compatibility list of applications with Falcon. - Falcon Specifications and Information compiled by Rod McCall. New Software ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ The latest Falcon/enhanced software available for download. Major revisions to be done with updates here. All files now list there size so you can see how large they are before downloading. At the moment the following software is included, with more to come: **Apex Media Demo (Demo version of the animation and art package for the Falcon) **Towers II (Shareware game) - Super Bomber Man (freeware) - Play MPEG v0.70 by M.D.Griffths (shareware) U Speed of Light v3.8 (shareware picture viewer) - Scape a planetary landsacpe generator. - Digital Tracker demo of commercial version. - Obsession 1 level demo. U FOG issue 8 diskmagazine for Falcon. Other software worth having ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ Software worth using on the Falcon. - Backward v2.52. For compatibility with the ST. Please send any versions which are newer than this. - MultiBlow. Configurable overscan utility. - Starball. Excellent pinball game (Falcon enhanced). - Berzerk. Excellent version of Berzerk (Faster on Falcon). - FOG issue 7 diskmagazine for Falcon. - FOG issue 6 diskmagazine for Falcon. **************************** Atari ST/STE/TT/Mega STE Page ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ This will contain information and files relevant to all the above mentioned Atari formats, currently this page is divided into the following areas: News ~~~~ In here expect to see any news or previews that come my way, whether they are small descriptions or full features with pictures. At the moment there is: U Newsletters from HENSA on TOS section of archive. New Software ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ The latest (most recent versions) software available for download. Major revisions to be done with updates. All files now list there size so you can see how large they are before downloading. At the moment the following software is included, with lots more to come: U Speed of Light v3.8 (shareware picture viewer). - ST Zip v2.6. Latest version of ST Zip. - Obsession demo. 1 level of this great pinball game. Other Software worth having ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ Software worth having on the Atari. - Utopus. Two player shootem' up (STE only). - Ozone. Good platform/puzzler. - Starball. Excellent pinball game. - Berzerk. Excellent version of Berzerk. **************************** Lynx Page ~~~~ ~~~~ All the latest news and reviews on the lynx, along with cheats, etc. This page is divided in to the following areas: News ~~~~ News on the Lynx and related material. At the moment there is: - Lynx Summer Steal Deal Extended to the Fall. News of price reductions for a limited period. Reviews ~~~~~~~ Reviews for just about every Lynx game ever released will appear in here. All reviews are by Robert Jung. At the moment the following reviews are included: APB Awesome Golf Baseball Heroes Batman Returns Basket Brawl Bill and Ted's BlockOut BattleWheels Blue Lightning California Games Checkered Flag Chip's Challenge Crystal Mines II Dino Olympics Dirty Larry:Renegade Cop Dracula the Undead Double Dragon Desert Strike Electro Cop European Soccer Chal. Ultimate Chess Chal. Gauntlet:3rd Encounter Gordo 106 Hard Driven' Hockey Hydra Ishido : Way of Stones Jimmy Conners' Tennis Joust Klax Kungfood Lemmings Lynx Casino Malibu Bikini Volleyball Ms.Pac-Man NFL Football Ninja Gaiden Ninja Gaiden III : The Ancient Shop of Doom Other Lynx Stuff ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ Other items of interest to Lynx owners. At the moment there is the following: U Lynx FAQ - Lynx Tips and Tricks New Software Anouncement ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ Currently empty. **************************** Jaguar Page ~~~~~~ ~~~~ All the latest news and reviews on the lynx, along with cheats, etc. This page is divided in to the following areas: News and Previews ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ All the latest news and preview information I can find related to the Jaguar. **ECTS News **Hyper Image page linked to (Makers of Jaguar game Hover Hunter). - Jaguar CD Specifications - Rebellion Development News - Sinister Developments News - Sensible Soccer News U Coming Soon! - Hand Made Software News Reviews ~~~~~~~ A collection of reviews from different sources, hopefully I will be contributing more to this section myself. This page has been re-formatted thanks to Holger Kipp. Reviews so far include: Aliens vs Predator - by Eric S.Boltz Aliens vs Predator - by Robert Jung Brutal Sports Football - by Randy ** Bubsy Bobcat (in Fractured Furry Tales) - by Robert Jung Checkered Flag - by Robert Jung ** Cannon Fodder - by Holger Kipp Cybermorph - by Robert Jung ** Doom - by Robert Jung Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story - by ????? ** Iron Soldier - by Robert Jung ** Iron Soldier - by Holger Kipp Raiden - by Robert Jung ** Syndicate - by Holger Kipp Tempest 2000 - by Robert Jung ** Theme Park - by Holger Kipp ** Theme Park - by Robert Jung Trevor McFur in Cresent Galaxy - Jer Howitz ** Val d'Isere Skiing and Snowboarding - by Robert Jung Wolfenstein 3D - by Robert Jung ** Wolfenstein 3D - by ????? There are many more reviews to come. Other Jaguar Stuff ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Miscellaneous information on the Jaguar. Information included presently is: U Jaguar FAQ - Raiden Tips - Jaguar Game Cheats - Kasumi Ninja FAQ - Ultra Vortex FAQ update for Jaguar **50/60 Hz, games adjusting to resolutions list **Jaguar Game Cheats **More Raiden Tips **Kasumi Ninja Moves List Other Jaguar Pages ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Other pages specific to the Jaguar included in here. Currently there is: - Atari Jaguar Homepage by Christian Svensson There are others that will be included, some containing more recent news, but the one above is the most organised and intuitive one I've came across. **************************** 8 Bit Atari Page by Ivo van Poorten ~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ Not maintained by me these pages cover the 8 bit formats of Atari machines and are very comprehensive. Nearly everything you could hope to find is contained within these pages. **************************** What to expect in the future ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ Some structural changes are likely to appear in the next months. I have introduced an announcements page where you can tell the World of anything you have to announce. Please send news of updates to your programs, Atari stuff for sale, and any other Atari announcements here (NOTE : Commercial companies should send information on products to be included in here and in the news sections). Also coming soon will be a monthly editorial. In this I will try and sum up the month past and to give my opinions on how I saw things for Atari at that time. Hopefully I will be able to look back over many good developments in my pages and summarise them as they happened. There is an outside possibility of starting a programmers and/or MIDI section in these pages but this is as yet undecided. I will judge whether or not to do this based on the kind of response I have. I do not want to repeat any of the good work done in these fields however by other Web page writers such as Christer Gustavsson (Where is the response for these pages?) More support is needed for the questions and answers pages, although initially successfull people just stopped posting their questions. Although the odd one is still coming and answers are still forthcoming. Please support this, it is of benefit to anyone who uses it. The Jaguar section should have a lot more news, pictures and reviews in the future. I have tracked down a fair bit of news and am in contact with a few companies now and hope to get news from them on there products. Both the ST and Falcon sections should contain much more news in the future, along with more of the best PD/Shareware, and PD/Shareware reviews. I should have several demos hopefully in the near future for games coming out on these formats. The Lynx section is to continue to get reviews and I will update the news as and when I get it. Sorry about the lack of updates recently, more to come. Expect more links to Atari related pages in the future. There will be more newsletters, documents, updates to the FAQ's. Expect further reviews from Andy and Frank, along with myself (watch out for the Apex Media review). Hopefully I can include more screenshots, and do a few program tutorials. Nick Peers of ST Format and Holger Kipp have offered to support these pages with contributions in the future. Please write with your ideas, critisms, comments, submissions (software, news, reviews, questions, etc), to me and don't forget that I am now the official main tainer of the Atari FTP list originally by Hallvard Tangeraas. All updates to this list should now be sent to me. Thank you and see you with the updates to these pages next month! ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + Mark Stephen Smith : msh@dl.ac.uk + + Atari Web Pages : http://www.mcc.ac.uk/~dlms/atari.html + + + +==============================================================================+ + Atari FTP List maintainer, Atari Web Page creater and maintainer. + + Atari 1040STF, 4Mb Falcon 127Mb HD, Atari Jaguar, Atari Lynx + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++